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1、四、相关名词的重要考点1.短文改错题考查名词单复数的使用。在高考的短文改错题型中,几乎每年都一道涉及名词单复数使用的试题。这类试题本身难度并不大,仅仅要求考生能根据句意对名词单复数的使用做出简单的判断。然而,在具体做这类题时,考生注意以下几点是有必要的:一是不可数名词通常不能有复数形式,也不能连用不定冠词;二是在通常情况下,单数可数名词不能单独使用,它要么应与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等限定词连用,要么就应用复数。三是注意名词本身的单复数形式应与它的修饰语保体一致。请看以下几道典型的高考改错句:(1) drink some waters from a dream. (waters应改为单数wat
2、er)(2)They have been toEuropemany time. (time应改为复数times)(3)There are branch library in many villages. (library应改为复数libraries)(4). could come and visit us some times soon. (times应改为单数time)(5)We studies quite a few subject. (subject应改为复数subjects)(6)We often watch football match. (match应改为复数matches)(7)
3、 so that Ill get good marks in all my subject. (subject应改为复数subjects)(8)On my way up I was taking picture (picture应改为复数pictures)(9)Good health is persons mot valuable possession. (应在persons前加a)(10)There is public library in every town inBritain. (应在public library前加a)2.高考对集合名词的考查。高考考查集合名词主要涉及其可数性、单复数
4、意义、主谓一致、恰当的修饰语等。为了便于理解和记忆,我们将常考集合名词分为以下几类,并分别简述其相关用法特点:(1)family(家庭),team(队),class(班),audience(听众)等,其用法特点为:若视为整体,表示单数意义;若考虑其个体成员,表示复数意义。比较:This class consists of 45 pupils.这个班由45个学生组成。This class are studying English now.这个班的学生在学习英语。(2)cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等,其用法特点为:只有单数形式,但却表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语
5、用复数;不与a(n)连用,但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。如:People will laugh at you.人们会笑你的。The police are looking for him.警察在找他。For these many cattle were killed.就由于这个原因宰了不少牲畜。注:表示牲畜的头数,用单位词head(单复数同形)。如:three head of cattle 3头牛,twenty (head of )cattle 20头牛。(3)goods(货物), clothes(衣服)等,其用法特点是:只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语也用复数),但通
6、常不与数词连用。如:Such clothes are very expensive.那样的衣服很贵。To whom do these goods belong?这些书是谁的?(4)baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(机器), poetry(诗), scenery(风景), jewelry(珠宝),equipment(设备)等,其用法特点为:是不可数名词,只用单数形式,不用不定冠词(当然更不能用数词),没有复数形式。如:Our clothing protects us from against the col
7、d.我们的衣服可以御寒。Have you checked all your baggage?你所有行李都托运了吗?特别提醒:machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery相应的个体可数名词是machine, poem, jewel, scene。如:a poem / a piece of poetry一首诗,many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery许多机器。(5)补充说明几个特殊的集合名词:hair(头发,毛发):指全部头发或毛发时,为集合名词(不可数);指几根头发或毛发时,为个体名词(可数)。如
8、:My hair has grown very long.我的头发已长得很长了。The police found two hairs there.警察在那儿找到了两根头发。mankind(人类):是一个不可数的集合名词,不用复数形式,也不连用冠词。如:This is an invention that benefits mankind.这是一项造福人类的发明。Mankind has its own problems.人类有自己的问题。特别提醒:mankind表示“人(类)”时,虽不可数,但有时却可以表示复数意义,尤其是当其表语是复数时。如:Mankind are intelligent ani
9、mals.人是理智的动物。fruit(水果):作为集合名词,它通常是不可数的。如:He doesnt not eat much fruit.他不大吃水果。He is growing fruit in the country.他在农村种水果。但是,当要表示种类时,它可视为可数名词,即a fruit指一种水果,fruits指多种水果。体会:Some fruits have thick skins.有些水果皮很厚。The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit.土豆是一种蔬菜,而不是一种水果。3.根据上下文的语境选择恰当的名词。高考对名词的考查还经常涉及这样一类考题,即
10、要求考生根据所给句子上下文所暗示的语境选择一个最恰当的词语,这类题考查的不一定是要求考生辨析同义词,而是要求考生根据语境的要求选出一个恰当的词语,或构成固定短语或固定搭配,或使句子语意连贯、逻辑通顺。请看两道高考真题:1.We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _.A. factB. realityC. practiceD. deed2.Heres my card. Lets keep in _.A. touchB. relationC. connectionD. friendship第1题选C,构成短语put into practice,意为“将付诸实践”;第2题选A,构成短语keep in touch,意为“保持联系”。