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1、1. Captain John Smith became the first American writer.2. The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people.3. Poor Richards Almanac is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin.4. Thomas Paines famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a“Declaration for Independence”.5.
2、 Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.6. Philip Freneau has been called the “Father of American Poetry”.7. In Washington Irvings Sketch Book appeared the first modern short stories and the first great Americ
3、an juvenile literature.8. Coopers enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise theLeatherstocking tales9. “To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryants wok.Edgar Allan Poe is considered“father of American detectivestories and American gothics
4、tories .10. Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance.11. Hawthornes stories touch the deepest roots of mans moral nature.12. Moby Dick is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.13. After his death, Lon
5、gfellow became the only American to be honored with a bust in thePoets Corner of Westminster Abbey.14. Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of UncleTomsCabin, had become an American institution and the most famous literary woman in the world.15. The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, tha
6、t men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment.16. The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called free verse.Henry James is famous for his international theme of the traditionless American confronting the complexity of European life.17. Writer
7、s of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,”devoid of faith and alienated froma civilization.18. With the publication of The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation.”Terms1. Transcendentalism
8、Transcendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson andothers in New England in the middle 1800s, which emphasized theimportance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Oversoul, andNature.NewEnglandTranscendentalism is the product of a combination of na
9、tive AmericanPuritanism and European Romanticism.2. NaturalismNaturalism, a more deliberate kind ofrealism, usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. As a literary movement, naturalism was initiated in France.Natural fiction aspired to a soc
10、iological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society. The most significant work of naturalism in English being Dreisers Sister Carrie.The Lost GenerationThe term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of Amer
11、ican Literary notables who lived in Paris from the timeperiod which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, and Gertrude Stein herself. More generally, the term is being used for the young ad
12、ults of Europe and America during World War I. They were lost” because after the war many of them were disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to moreinto a settled life5. ModernismModern writing is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of express
13、ion; it believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it. Modernism implies historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, of loss, and of despair. It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man and prefers the unconscious to the self-conscious.6. Romanticism7. Puritan
14、ismThe principles and practices of puritans were popularly known as Puritanism. Puritanism accepted the doctrines of Calvinism: the sovereignty of God; the supreme authority of the Bible; the irresistibility of Gods will for man in every act of life from cradle to grave. These doctrines led the Puri
15、tans to examine their souls to find whether they were of the elect and to search the Bible to determine Gods will.8. Hemingway Heroes / Code HeroSuch a hero usually is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive andintelligent.Andusually he is a man of action and of a few words.He is suc
16、h anindividualist, alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider The Hemingway heroes stand for a whole generation. But Hemingway heroes possess a kind of “despairing courage” It is this courage that enables a man to behave like a man, to assert his dignity in face of adversity.Give brief answers to the following questions.1. What are the characteristics of the Col
