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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 翻译题侵略行为似乎与许多生物结构和化学物质有关，如大脑中的下丘脑(hypothalamus)。 很多动物在受到特定刺激时会表现出本能的侵略反应。下丘脑似乎与动物的这种本能反应有关：对许多动物的下丘脑中部分区域进行电激，会引发这一些它们的常见侵略行为。 然而，人类的大脑要复杂的多，大脑的其他结构似乎可以抑制这种本性。社会生物学是生物学方法的一个分支，该理论认为侵略性对于人类而言是天生并且必要的。社会生物学认为，包括侵略行为在内的许多社会行为都是由遗传决定的。根据达尔文的进化论， 他认为，个体存在的数量远远超过那些可以找到食物
2、并且活到成年的个体数量。个体之间开始进行生存竞争，那些拥有竞争优势的个体更容易存活，并且会将它们有利于生存 竞争的基因遗传给下一代。大部分物种所具有的竞争优势特质之一就是好斗性。拥有侵略特质的个体更容易存活和繁殖，因此，与侵略行为相关的各种基因遗传给下一代的可能性更大。该理论在众多方面遭到质疑，其一，人类拥有其他物种不具备的能力，这种并非侵略性质的能力才是人类生存下来的主要原因。其二，人类身上存在太多的变数， 因此，我们无法相信人类会被侵略冲动主导或者支配。【答案】Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involve
3、d in aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In response to certain stimuli, many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggr
4、essive behaviors in many animals. In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts. An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests that aggression is natural and even desirable for people. Sociobiology views much so
5、cial behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined. Consider Darwins theory of evolution. Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than those can find food and survive into adulthood. A struggle for survival follows. Those individuals who possess characteristics that
6、provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation. In many species, such characteristics include aggressiveness. Because aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked
7、to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations.： The sociobiology view has been attacked on numerous grounds. One is that peoples capacity to outwit other species, not their aggressiveness, appears to be the dominant factor in human survival. Another is that there
8、 is too much variation among people to believe that they are dominated by, or at the mercy of, aggressive impulses.2. 单选题Coral reefs are one of the most fragile, biologically complex, and diverse marine ecosystem on Earth. This ecosystem is one of the fascinating paradoxes of the biosphere: how do c
9、lear and thus nutrient-poor waters support such prolific and productive communities? Part of the answer lies within the tissues of the corals themselves. Symbiotic cells of algae known as zoozanthellae carry out photosynthesis using the metabolic wastes of the coral thereby producing food for themse
10、lves, for their corals, hosts, and even for other members of the reef community. This symbiotic process allows organisms in the reef community to use sparse nutrient resource efficiently.Unfortunately for coral reefs, however, a variety of human activities are causing worldwide degradation of shallo
11、w marine habitats by adding nutrients to the water. Agriculture, slash-and -bum land clearing, sewage disposal and manufacturing that creates waste by-products all increase nutrient loads in these waters. Typical symptoms of reef decline are destabilized herbivore populations and an increasing abund
12、ance of algae and filter-feeding animals. Declines in reef communities are consistent with observations that nutrient input is increasing in direct proportion to growing human populations, thereby threatening reef communities sensitive to subtle changes in nutrient input to their waters.1.The passag
13、e is primarily concerned with（ ） .2.The passage suggests which of the following about coral reef communities?3.The author refers to “filter-feeding animals” (line 17) in order to （ ）.4.According to the passage, which of the following is a factor that is threatening the survival of coral reef communi
14、ties?5.It can be inferred from the passage that the author describes coral reef communities as paradoxical most likely for which of the following reasons?问题1选项A.describing the effects of human activities on algae in coral reefsB.explaining how human activities are posing a threat to coral reef commu
15、nitiesC.discussing the process by which coral reefs deteriorate in nutrient-poor watersD.explaining how coral reefs produce food for themselves问题2选项A.Coral reef communities may actually be more likely to thrive in waters that are relatively low in nutrients.B.The nutrients on which coral communities
16、 thrive are only found in shallow waters.C.Human population growth has led to changing ocean temperatures, which threatens coral reef communities.D.The growth of coral reef communities tends to destabilize underwater herbivore populations.问题3选项A.provide an example of a characteristic sign of reef deteriorationB.explain how reef communities acquire sustenance for survivalC.identify a
