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1、Contents. The Introduction .11.1LanguageandCulture .11.2 TheRelationbetweenTranslationandCulture.1. Literature Review 32.1 Nidas Concept of Functional Equivalence.32.2 Nidas View on Translation and Culture.32.3 Susan Bassnetts View on Culture Translation.42.4 Other Views on Culture-related Translati
2、on.4.DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternCulturesReflectedintheLanguages7 3.1HistoricalCulturalDifference.73.2 DifferentGeographicalandRegionalEnvironments.73.3 DifferentModesofThinking.8 . Several methods of Chinese idiom translation.94.1 Metaphrase.94.1.1 Literal Translation .94.1.2 Replacement.104
3、.2 Paraphrase.134.2.1 Negation.134.2.2 Substitution.144.2.2.1 Substitute abstract concept for concrete images.154.2.2.2 Substitute concrete images for abstract concept.154.2.3 Additional remarks & Note.174.2.3.1 Additional remarks.174.2.3.2 Note184.2.4 Omission.19.Conclusion.21Bibliography.23Acknowl
4、edgements.25Appendix (Translation).261 Introduction1.1LanguageandCulture Languageisthecarrierofcultureandpartoftheculture.Becauselanguagescanreflectanationsculture,languagesymbolsprovidesarichexpressionmeansforanation.Languagehasbeenkeepingsynchronousdevelopmentwithculturethroughoutthewholeprocessof
5、humanculturescomingintobeingandtheirsubsequentdevelopment.“Somescientistsconsideritthekeystoneofculture.Withoutlanguage,theymaintain,culturewouldbeimpossible.”(DengYanchangandLiuRunqing,1989:3.) Languages,ineverynation,canembodyandreflectpeoplesdifferentmodesofthinking,values,socialawareness,religio
6、usbeliefs,habitsandcustoms.“Languageistheprimarymeansbywhichaculturetransmitsitsbeliefs,values,andnorms.Itgivespeopleameansofinteractingwithothermembersofthecultureandameansofthinking.”(DaiWeidong,1989:158)Itisexplicitthatcultureandlanguageareinseparablefromeachother,andinfact,cultureincludeslanguag
7、easasubsystem,asawidersystem.Itcanbesummarizedthatlanguagecariesculture,mirrorsculture,spreadscultureandhelpsdevelopculture. Ontheotherside,languageisdeeplyinfluencedandshapedbyculture,steamingfromculture.Language,asasymbolsystem,expressestracesofaparticularsocietyandreflectsuniqueculturalheritage.J
8、ohnLyons,anEnglishlinguist,pointedthat,“languageisapartofculture.Differencesonthelanguageusagewillexposethefeaturesofthesocialcultureintermsofthesubstances,customsandotheractivities.”(Lyons,1977:30).Therefore,itcanbesaidthattheprocessoflearningatargetlanguageisaprocessoflearningaboutthetargetculture
9、.1.2TheRelationbetweenTranslationandCultureTranslationmakesitpossibletocommunicatebetweendifferentcultures.However,translationhasitslimitationstoanextent.Manyofthefunctionsandconnotationsoflanguagecannotbe“translated”atallliterally,buthavetoresorttoanalysisandexplanationtomakeoutthehiddenimplication
10、sthattheycontain.Inotherwords,itisnecessarytosetupakindofaccordingculturalcontextbasedonasufficientandthoroughunderstandingofcultureofthetargetlanguage.Translationdoesnotmerelydealwiththeexchangeofliteralmeaning,butalsotransferringtheculturalcommunicationofthelanguagefamiliesanddifferentinformation.
11、Soitisnotmerelyanactoftransferencebetweenlanguages,butitisamatterofspiritcommunicationcloselyrelatedtoeveryaspectofthesubjectiveworld.Tosomeextent,thetranslationactsaretheresponse,communication,perception,understandingandinteractingbetweenthehumanbeingandthephysicalworld.Undoubtedly,therelationofcul
12、tureandtranslationischaracterizedbytheirindivisibility.Inthelasttwentyyears,ithasbeenuniversallyacknowledgedthatliterarytranslationisnotmerelytransformationoflanguagesignals,buttransformationofculture,sincetranslationhasacloseinteractiverelationshipwithculture.Translationhasbeenreplacedby“interculturalcommunication”(ChristianceNord,1991),“interculturalcooperation”(HolzManttari,1984:17),“acculturat
