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1、外文翻译-隐蔽性通货膨胀的影响及其应用 本科毕业论文设计外 文 翻 译外文出处 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg2021173-182 外文作者 Cengiz KahramanTufan Demireland Nihan Demirel 原文Effects of Inflation under Fuzziness and Some ApplicationsAbstractThis chapter presents the ways of incorporating the parameter fuzzy inflation to the engineering
2、 economy analyses Inflation is a financial parameter difficult to estimate The fuzzy set theory gives us the possibility of converting linguistic expressions about inflation estimates to numerical values In the chapter discounted cash flow techniques including these fuzzy expressions and some numeri
3、cal examples are given The obtained results show the interval of the worst and the best possible outcomes when fuzzy inflation rates are taken into account 1 IntroductionInflation is an increase in the amount of money necessary to obtain the same amount of product or service before the inflated pric
4、e was present With the inflation in anytime prices rise and the purchasing power decreases it takes more dollars for the same amount of goods or services Deflation is the opposite of inflation It has the oppositeeffects with deflation prices decrease and the purchasing power increases With the defla
5、tion it takes fewer dollars in the future to buy the same amount of goods or services as it does today The governments can be face to face with the inflation much more commonly than deflation at national economy Blank and Tarquin 2002Sharp-Bette and Park 1990 Degarmo et al 1990 Gnen 1990 Young 1993
6、Most people are undoubtedly aware that inflation has to do with price increases What is perhaps less well-known is that the meaning of the word inflation has changed somewhat over time Originally the word inflation was used to describe a characteristic of money that its value was eroded This happens
7、 when all prices in an economy rise at the same rate over time When all prices rise at the same ratehouseholds incomes for example wages increase as much as their expenses This means that households have to pay more for the same quantity of goods Howeverneither household consumption nor its actual v
8、alue utility is affected when all prices rise at the same rateOver time however the meaning of the word inflation has changed somewhat Today it is often used synonymously with the words price increase and can there by describe any kind of price rises not just increases in all prices For example one
9、often hears of wage inflation domestic inflation or imported inflation None of these terms mean an increase in all prices Rather they refer to rises in the prices of certain specific goods or servicesThe most common and most well-known measure of inflation is the change in the consumer price index -
10、 the CPI The CPI is a so-called cost-of-living index or compensation index This means that the CPI measures how consumers cost of living changes over time If consumers incomes increase at the same rate as their cost of living their utility will be unchanged over time The CPI is often used for exactl
11、y this purpose - as a basis for adjusting pensions or determining how compensation clauses in different agreements should be interpretedTo adjust for the effects of inflation in project evaluation most authors prefer to use a general index such as the Consumers Price Index The reason is as follows S
12、ince it is the investors real income or purchasing power that we seek to enhancethere is a slight advantage in choosing an index of Consumer Goods prices such as the CPI The changeable value of currency is the reason of inflation With the inflation the currency value goes down The inflation and defl
13、ation can be occurred as higher prices for food cars and other purchased commodities and services for the people On the other hand for the business and government inflation has eroded the purchasingpower of savings and earnings if interest rates and salary raises have not kept pace with general pric
14、e trends Inflation types are shown belowCost push inflation Increases in producers costs that are passed along to customerssometimes with disproportionate escalations that push prices up Demand-pull inflation Excessive spending power of consumers sometimes obtained at the expense of savings that pul
15、ls prices upWhen the literature is searched we can see that there are few works on fuzzy inflationKahraman and Tolga 1995 examine the effects of fuzzy inflation rate on aftertaxrate calculations De and Goswami 2006 present an EOQ model with fuzzyinflation rate and fuzzy deterioration rate when a del
16、ay in payment is permissible2 Relation between Inflation and InterestInflation affects everyone with some degree The degree of inflation affects the consequences when inflation is mild the economy prospers When inflation is moderateincreased demand pulls prices still higher When inflation is severe prices rise much faster than wages do When inflation is hyperin
