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1、第一讲冠词及用法讲解冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种:定冠词、不定冠词、零冠词。一、不定冠词: 基本用法不定冠词用于单数可数名词之前,其中 a 用于以辅音音素(辅音音素24个 /p/、/b/、/t/、/d/、/m/、/l/、/r/ 等,不是辅音字母)开始的词前。而 an 是用于以元音音素(元音音素20个/i:/、/i/、/e/、/au/ 等, 不是元音字母a,e,i,o,u)开始的词前。如:a university,a useful tool,a computer,an orange,an hour,an 800-meter b
2、ridge,典型例句1、与可数名词单数连用,表示类别。-I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over the keyboard.-You shouldnt put drinks near a computer. (2006 年北京卷)2、泛指某人或某物, 表示“某一个”,相当于 a certain。 -Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? (2006年全国I卷) -Sorry, wrong number. There isnt a Mr. Smith here.3、用于数量、时间等名词前,表示“每一(单位)的”
3、相当于 per。 I earn 10 dollars an hour as a supermarket cashier on Saturdays. (2003年上海卷)4、用于固定词组中。 a knowledge of ,have a gift for,give sb. a ride,a couple of,have a good time,keep a diary,in a hurry,once in a while,at a loss,tell a lie,do sb. a favor。二、定冠词的基本用法1、用来特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。所特指的名词常被短语或定语从句所所修饰。Of
4、all the reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my fathers advice was the most important one.(2006年辽宁卷)2、指说话的双方都知道的人或事物。Dont worry if you cant come to the party. Ill save some cake for you. (2006年浙江卷)3、复述上文中提到的事物。 There is a shelf in my fathers room. The shelf is new.4、用于单数可数名词之前,表
5、示该类事物,相当于 a。 When you come here for your holiday next time, dont go to the hotel; I can find you a bed in my flat. (2004年全国I卷)5、序数词和形容词最高级前。比较级前若表示特指时也要用定冠词 the 。The cakes are delicious. Hed like to have a third one because the second one is rather too small. (2002年上海春季卷) I want to chat with the tal
6、ler of the two men.6、在表示方位、乐器的名词前。Summer in the south of France is for the most part dry and sunny. (2000年北京春季卷) play the piano, play the violin7、用于复数姓氏之前,表示“夫妇”或“全家”。 the Smiths8、表示世界上独一无二事物的名词前。 the sun,the moon,the earth,the world。9、用于由普通名词构成的专有名词、江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河及某些建筑物等名称前。 According to th
7、e World Health Organization, health care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent the spread of AIDS.(2006年全国II卷 )After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson a ride to the Capital Airport. (2005年安徽卷)10、在某些形容词之前,可表示某一类人。 the rich,the poor,the old,the wounded,the living,the dead。三、不用冠词(零冠词)情况:1、人名、地名(街名、
8、广场名、公园名)、大学名、国名、病名前。 Wang Fu Jing Street,Pei Hai Park 北海公园,Beijing University 但也可说 the University of Beijing。2、抽象名词表示一般概念时,一般不用冠词。 When you finish reading the book, you will have a better understandingof life. (2004年辽宁卷)3、物质名词表示一般概念时,一般不用冠词。 The warmth of the sweater will of course be determined by
9、the sort of wool used.(2001年全国卷)4、表示职位或头衔的抽象名词前,常不用冠词。但表示具体的人时,加 the 。 We will elect engineer Liu director of our factory. 类似的名词还有:president,monitor,headmaster,mayor 等。5、表示季节、月份、星期几、节、假日等表示时间的名称前,不用冠词。但我国的阴历节前要用the。 Childrens Day,Womens Day,May Day the Spring Festival。6、三餐、学科名称、球类活动和棋类游戏的名称前,不用冠词。 p
10、lay basketball,play chess。7、man 作“人类”讲时,同 human,mankind 一样不用冠词。 While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made a discovery, which completely changed mans understanding of color. (2004年广东卷)8、by 与表示“通信、交通”的词连用,表示通信,交通手段时,不用冠词。 If you go by train, you can have quite a comfortable
11、 journey, but make sure you get a fast one. (2005年全国III卷)9、复数名词前不用冠词泛指类别。 It is often said that teachers have a very easy life. (2005年北京卷)10、有些名词与介词搭配表示抽象意义,不加冠词,常作状语。 His daughter is always shy in public and she never dares to make a speech to the public.(2001年上海卷) in surprise/wonder/danger/tears/c
12、omfort,in love with,under pressure,beyond expression 等。典例精析:1. _ walk is expected to last all day, so bring _ packed lunch. (2007年山东卷)A. A; a B. The; 不填 C. The; a D. A; 不填解析:the walk 是指大家心中都明白的 walk ,因此用定冠词特指;a packed lunch 是泛指,指一份盒饭。答案:C。2. -Could you tell me the way to _ Johnsons, please?-Sorry, w
13、e dont have _ Johnson here in the village. (2007年全国II卷)A. the; the B. the; a C不填; the D. the; 不填解析:“the +复数姓氏”表示“夫妇”或“全家”。在人的姓前加 a ,表示“某个姓的人”。所以选 B 。3. I looked under _bed and found _book I lost last week. (2007年北京卷)A. the; a B. the; the C. 不填;the D. the; 不填解析:bed特指说话的双方心目中的那张床,要用定冠词 the 。book 后接定语从
14、句,特指上周丢失的那本书,要用定冠词 the 。所以选 B 。4. I wanted to catch _early train, but couldnt get _ride to the station. (2007年天津卷)A. an; the B./; the C. an; / D. the; a解析:early train 特指早班火车,要用定冠词 the 。ride 表示泛指要用不定冠词 a。所以选 D 。5. Christmas is _ special holiday when _whole family are supposed to get together.(2007年辽宁
15、卷)A. the; the B. a; a C. the; a D. a; the解析:这句话的意思是:圣诞节是一个整个家庭应该聚在一起的特殊的节日。 A special holiday“一个特殊的节日”,是泛指,用不定冠词 a 。the whole family 特指“整个家庭”,用定冠词 the 。所以选 D 。冠词用法口诀四冠词的活用。1. 抽象名词具体化时,被具体化的名词可能会和a, an 连用。 如a heavy rain, a surprise 一件惊奇的事, a pleasure, a success/ failure等。Exercises: 1. I dont think my chances of _ success were very good. 2. The gift came as _ complete surprise to me.2. 表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前面一般要加定冠词,但是如果此类名词有修饰成分,也可以用a/ an 如: the moon, a full moon, in the world, in a world without air3. 牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词,它