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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题People who （ ）large amounts of animal fats are more likely to get cancer and heart disease.问题1选项A.congestB.irrigateC.consumeD.purchase【答案】C【解析】考察动词辨析。congest 拥挤；充塞 ；irrigate灌溉；冲洗； consume消耗；消费； purchase购买。句意：吃大量动物油的人更有可能患癌症和心脏病等疾病。选项C符合句意。2. 单选题The term industria
2、l design was _ in 1919 by the American industrial designer Joseph Sinel.问题1选项A.originatedB.coinedC.inspiredD.inserted【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. originated 起源，发源 B. coined 创造，独撰C. inspired 激励，鼓舞 D. inserted 插入，嵌入【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】空格处前面有be动词was，和动词的过去分词形式共同构成被动语态，动作的执行者是“美国工业设计师约瑟夫西内尔”，动作的承受者是“工业设计这个术语（term）”，由此
3、可知，本句表达的是以前并没有工业设计这个词，是约瑟夫西内尔在1919年提出来的。coin指创造一个新的词或短语，然后其他人开始使用，因此B选项coined“创造，独撰”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项originated“起源，发源”指在某一特定的地方或情况中首次发生或出现，不能和“term（术语）”进行搭配；C选项inspired“激励，鼓舞”指给某人做某事的欲望、信心或热情，不能和“term（术语）”进行搭配；D选项inserted“插入，嵌入”指把某物放入另一物中或夹在两物之间，不能和“term（术语）”进行搭配。【句意】工业设计这个术语是由美国工业设计师约瑟夫西内尔在1919年创造的。
4、3. 不定项选择题No doubt you know several folks with perfectly respectable IQs who repeatedly make poor decisions. The behavior of such people tells us that we are missing something important by treating intelligence as if it encompassed all cognitive abilities. I coined the term “dysrationalia”, meaning t
5、he inability to think and behave rationally despite having adequate intelligence, to draw attention to a large domain of cognitive life that intelligence tests fail to assess. Although most people recognize that IQ tests do not measure every important mental faculty, we behave as if they do. We have
6、 an implicit assumption that intelligence and rationality go togetheror else why would we be so surprised when smart people do foolish things?IQ tests do not measure dysrationalia, but there are ways to measure dysrationalia and ways to correct it. Decades of research in cognitive psychology have su
7、ggested two causes of dysrationalia. One is a processing problem, the other a content problem. Much is known about both of them.The processing problem comes about because we tend to be cognitive misers. When approaching a problem, we can choose from any of several cognitive mechanisms. Some mechanis
8、ms have great computational power, letting us solve many problems with great accuracy, but they are slow, require much concentration and can interfere with other cognitive tasks. Others are comparatively low in computational power, but they are fast, require little concentration and do not interfere
9、 with other ongoing cognition. Humans are cognitive misers because our basic tendency is to default to the processing mechanisms that require less computational effort, even when they are less accurate.The second source of dysrationalia is a content problem. We need to acquire specific knowledge to
10、think and act rationally. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term “mindware” to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and scientific inference) that must be retrieved from memory to think rationally. The absence
11、of this knowledge creates a mindware gapagain, something that is not tested on typical intelligence tests.My goal in proposing the term “dysrationalia” is to separate intelligence from rationality, a trait that IQ tests do not measure. The concept of dysrationalia, and the empirical evidence indicat
12、ing that the condition is not rare, should help create a conceptual space in which we value abilities at least as important as those currently measured in IQ tests.60. People with “dysrationalia” often _.61. The author believes that IQ tests _.62. One cause of dysrationalia is that _.63. According t
13、o David Perkins, “mindware” means _.64. The author coined the term “dysrationalia” in order to _.65. An appropriate title of this passage could be _.问题1选项A.show little respect to othersB.perform poorly in IQ testsC.make irrational decisionsD.display unacceptable behavior问题2选项A.fail to identify why s
14、mart people make poor decisionsB.neglect to treat intelligence as an overall abilityC.cannot explain why intelligent people do things wiselyD.are not accurate enough to measure peoples intelligence问题3选项A.there are too many cognitive mechanisms to chooseB.human beings tend to use less computational p
15、owerC.some cognitive mechanisms do not work effectivelyD.people focus more on accuracy in problem solving问题4选项A.specific knowledge people need to think rationallyB.common sense people need to slowly accumulateC.social rules or conventions people have to followD.knowledge people need to obtain to pass IQ tests问题5选项A.raise peoples awareness of rationalityB.create a new section in IQ testsC.provide evidence of mindware gapD.document the development of IQ studies问题6选项A.Intelligenc
