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1、http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 探讨客家人建筑的起源大约 1600 年前，为避战乱，客家先民一步三回头，淌着热泪，恋恋不舍离开了中原故土，开始了艰难而遥远的南迁之路。晋末的战乱让世代生活在中原的人们南逃避祸，以期保全家族的香火延续；唐代的“安史之乱”和黄巢起义，持续的战火离乱，让久居中原的人们已经没有了安土可依，南迁成为许多人不再选择的选择，“靖康之难”后的北宋覆灭，朝廷偏安江本南，中原再次陷入灾难与恐慌，南迁又成为众多中原人的无奈。在漫长的岁月中，遭遇了多少次大动荡，经历过多少次大迁徙，在中国汉民族的谱系中，从此多了一个优秀的民系客家；在向来蛮荒的南方山地，从此多了一
2、批勤劳的拓荒者客家人。他们在把足迹踏遍南方山地的同时，也把中原先进的文化和先进的生产力，传播到了南方的山山水水，形成了独特的客家文化，他们聚族而居，繁衍生息不断。 建在千里赣江源头的赣州城，城墙下，左边章江，右边贡江，两江合流就成赣江。赣江是南中国惟一南北走向的长江支流， 客家祖先就从这通道涌进赣南山区， 然后深入福建、广东。赣南围屋客历史最鲜活的载体，更是客家研究最生动的物证。围屋几乎就是客家的象征。客家人可以不住围屋，但住在围屋里的，一定是客家人。“客家”原是当地土着居民对客居的外来户的称呼。“客”与“主”的身份原本就是相对的。外来人住得久了，慢慢变成老客。最后，终于反客为主。接着，又来了
3、新客。后来的人，在先来人的眼里，自然被看作“客”。无论是“老客” “新客”，相处时间长了，先是别人称他们为“客家”，渐渐地，他们便自称“客家”，以区别当地的土着人群。 他们住在围屋里，自称是“客家人”，过着一种聚族而居的生活。这种生活方式即安全又能相互帮助，而且使中原的文化理念能继承下去，这样久而久之，便形成了有别于中国其它地区汉族的传统生活和方式。一个大围屋里常常住着几百甚至上千人，他们同姓、同宗，有的还是同一祖先的直系血缘后代。 今天的客家围屋已不再是客家人为保护自身所建本立的居所，围屋内大多都已经不再住人，一些具有代表性的客家围屋已经被开发成旅游景点，展现在世人面前，让更多的人能了解客家
4、围屋这一独特的建筑形式。 About 1600 years ago, in order to avoid the war, Hakka ancestors step back three, shed tears, and unable to part from out of the Central Plains native land, began the difficult and far south of the road.Jin at the end of war let generations of people living in the Central Plains fled so
5、uth from the continuation, in order to preserve the family line; Tang Dynasty rebellion and Huang Chao uprising, the ongoing war in confusion, so long in the Central Plains people have no Ann soil can, south become many people no choice, Kang after the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty to the imperi
6、al court, from river Penan, China once again into the disaster and panic, South has become a large central plains people helpless.In the long years, suffered much upheaval, how many times the great migration, in Chinese Han ethnic group, from more than a good people - in Hakka; always wild South Mou
7、ntain, from more than a group of hard-working pioneer - the Hakka people.They traveled in the South Mountain at the same time, also the Central Plains of advanced culture and advanced productive forces, spread to the south of the mountains and rivers, forming a unique Hakka culture, their clan, thri
8、ve constantly.Built in thousands of miles of Ganjiang River source in Ganzhou City, under the city wall, Sanabe Akiko, Gong River confluence of right, two rivers into Ganjiang river.The South China is the only north-south tributary of the Yangtze River, the Hakka ancestors from this passage into the
9、 mountain, and then in-depth Fujian, guangdong.The house guest history the most vivid carrier, is the most vivid evidence of Hakka research.Enclosed is a symbol of hakka.The Hakka people can not help Hakka Round House, but who lives in the round house, a hakka.Hakka is the local Aboriginal name for
10、foreign households has.Guest and host identity is relative.Foreign people to live for a long time, gradually become the old customer.Finally, finally turn from a guest into a host.Then, came a new guest.Later, prior to peoples eyes, nature is seen as guest.Whether it is old customer new, along with
11、a long time, first, others called them Hakka, gradually, they call themselves Hakka, to distinguish the local indigenous people.They live in the house, claiming to be Hakka, have a clan life.This way of life that is safe and can help each other, and the Central Plains culture to inherit it, so in th
12、e course of time, they formed a distinct from the Han Chinese in other parts of China traditional life and style.A big round often lived hundreds or even thousands of people, their name, clan, or the same ancestral blood offspring.Todays Hakka Hakka people to protect themselves is no longer built th
13、e house, the most are no longer live, some typical Hakka has been developed into a tourist attraction, show in the world, let more people understand the Hakka this unique architectural form.二、客家围屋的分布状况 围屋主要分布在龙南、定南、全南（地方俗称：“三南”） ，以及寻乌、安远、信丰的南部，大致分布在江西靠近广东的那部分地区。此外，在石城、瑞金、会昌也有少量的小土楼和零星围屋；于都、宁都、兴国三县交界
14、处则多为村围。 围屋以龙南县的最具有代表性，也是最为集中的。据不完全调查统计，往往一个自然村，便有七八座围屋。形式上也最全，除大量方形围屋（图1） ，还有半圆形的围拢式围屋（图2） ，近圆形围屋，还有半圆形的围屋，以及八卦形和不规则的村围。泰安锅炉结构上既有三合 2土和河卵石构筑的，也有青砖、条石垒砌的；体量上既有赣南最大的方形围屋关西围屋(图3)，也有最小的围屋里仁白围（俗称“猫柜围” ，形容其小如养猫之笼） （图4） 。定南县几乎各乡镇均有围屋，但较零散，精品少，多用生土夯筑墙体。故屋本顶形式也多为悬山，此为别县所少见。全南县围屋基本上采用河卵石垒砌墙体（图5） ，为了争取到多一层的射击高
15、度，大部分围屋顶上四周砌有女墙和射击孔(图6)，以便必要时上屋顶作殊死抵抗。安远县的围屋主要分布在镇岗、孔田的南部乡镇，高粱粉碎机现约存余座。信丰县的围屋比较破残，多见于小江乡。寻乌县属于珠江水系，因为受到粤东文化的影响，所以这里南部乡镇多是，在正面设炮楼的围拢式围屋。三、客家围屋的主要特征 The distribution of two, mainly distributed in Longnan Hakka, Dingnan, QUANNAN (commonly known as: where three South), as well as Xunwu, Anyuan, south of
16、 Xinfeng, is located in Jiangxi near the area of guangdong.In addition, in the rock, Ruijin, Huichang also has a few small earthen and scattered round; Yudu, Ningdu, Xingguo County at the junction of three many villages around.Enclosed in Longnan county is the most representative, is also the most concentrated.According to incomplete statistics, often a natural village
