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1、2011届高三讲义第一章虚拟语气虚拟语气(the subjunctive mood,又称假设语气,是谓语动词的一种形式,表示说话人叙述的内容与事实相反,在现实中并不存在,或实现的可能性很小。一、动词的语气语气用来区别讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气(mood有三种,分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。1.陈述语气陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问,主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。Where there is a will, theres a way. 有志者事竟成。Can you help me carry the box upstairs 你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗?
2、How I missed the life in the countryside! 我多么想念乡村的生活啊!2.祈使语气祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。Come this way, please! 请这边走。Dont make any noise, will you 别吵,行吗?Do be careful when crossing the street. 过马路时一定要小心。3.虚拟语气虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。If I were a bird, I could fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行
3、。I wish it were spring all the year round. 但愿四季如春。May good luck be yours! 祝你好运!二、条件句中的虚拟语气英语中条件从句有两类,一类是真实条件句,另一类是非真实条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生,是真实条件句;如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。A.真实条件句真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。If he doesnt come at 8, we wont wait for him. 如果他八点不来,我们就不等他了。If a flood happened in t
4、he past, there was usually a great loss of life and property. 过去发生洪水的话,常有很大的生命和财产损失。We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨,我们将去那里。Ill let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean. 如果你能保持车子干净,我就让你用我的自行车。B.非真实条件句在含有非真实条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气,其构成有三种形式:与现在事实相反if条件句的谓语:were did
5、主句的谓:would (could should might + do与过去事实相反if条件句的谓语:had done主句的谓:would(could should might + have done与将来事实相反if条件句的谓语:did were主句的谓:should do would (could should might + do were to do1.表示与现在事实相反的条件条件从句用动词的过去式(be动词用were,主句用should(第一人称或would(全部人称+动词原形。可用情态动词could, might代替should, would表示情态。If it were Sund
6、ay tomorrow, I would go and see my friends. 明天要是星期天的话,我就去看望我的朋友。If I were you, I should go and try. 我要是你,我就去试试。If wishes were horses, beggars might ride.如果幻想能成为马匹,叫花子都有了坐骑would go if they treated me like a slave. 要是他们把我当奴隶对待,我就走。2.表示与过去事实相反的条件条件从句用动词的过去完成时,主句用should(第一人称或would(全部人称+have done,也可用coul
7、d, might代替should, would。If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you. 如果昨天我知道你的电话号码,我就给你打电话了。If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping. 今天早上要是没下雨,我就去买东西了。The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs
8、. 倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库,洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。3.表示在将来不太可能实现的条件表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式:were did条件从句用动词的过去式(be动词用were,主句用should(第一人称或would(全部人称+动词原形。也可用could, might代替should, would。If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him. 明天如果他在这里的话,我就和他谈谈。If you dropped the glass, it would break. 你要是把杯子掉下来,会打碎的。If she had time
9、, she could help me. 她要是有时间,就会帮我了。should do条件从句中不管什么人称都用should do,可表示有偶然实现的可能性。If it should rain, the crops could be saved. 假如下雨,庄稼可能就有救了。We would trust him if he should be honest. 如果他真是诚实的,那我们就相信他。were to do条件从句用were + to do。这种形式比较正式,常出现在书面语中,其假设成份很大,实现的可能性很小。If I were to do the work, I should do i
10、t in a different way. 要是我做这项工作,我就会以不同的方式去做。If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him 假如校长来了,我们对他说什么呢?对比:将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中的虚拟语气对比If it snowed tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家里。(常用形式If it should snow tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家里。(可能性较小If it were to snow
11、 tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天要下雪的话,我就留在家里。(可能性最小C.省略if的条件句在书面语中,非真实条件句中有were, had, should时,可以省略if,而把were, had, should放在主语前,用倒装结构。Were it necessary, I might go without delay. 如果需要的话,我可以立即去。(= If it were necessary.Had you taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the exam. 你要是听了我的建议,就不会考试不及格
12、了。(= If you had taken my advice.Should I have time, I would call on her. 要是有时间,我就去看她。(= If I should have time.D.错综条件句虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的时间不一致,这时主句和从句的谓语形式应按照各自动作发生的实际时间来表达。If you hadnt watched TV yesterday, you wouldnt be so sleepy now. 如果你昨天不看电视,你现在也就不会这么困了。(从句yesterday说明过去,主句now说明现在If they had le
13、ft home early this morning, they would arrive in half an hour. 如果他们今天一早就离开家的话,再过半小时他们就该到了。(从句说明过去,主句说明将来。If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future. 如果你此刻犹豫不决,你将来会吃苦头的。(从句说明现在,主句说明将来注意:在很多情况下,我们也可以用was来代替当主语是第一人称或第三人称单数时的were。If were here tomorrow.也可以说成:If he was here tomorrow.I wi
14、sh I were a bird.也可以说成:I wish I was a bird.但倒装句型中的were不可被was来替换。Were I in your position, I would not do it.如果我处在你的位置,我是不会干这件事的。E.含蓄条件句非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在上下文中,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况:1.条件暗含在短语中He would not get such a result without your help. 没有你的帮助,他就不会有今天的成果。(条件暗含在介词短语without your help中But fo
15、r you, I could not be recovered so soon. 要不是有你,我就不会恢复得这么快。(条件暗含在But for you中This same thing, happening in the past, would lead to a disaster.同样的事,如发生在过去,就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in the past中He must have been there, or he never could know the place so well.他一定是去过那儿,否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。(暗含条件是连词or2.条件可根据上下文推理出It would do you no good. 这可能会对你没好处。(条件可能是if you should give up the job 如果你放弃这项工作的话They could have won.他们本来是会赢的。(条件可能是if they had been patient 如果他们有耐心的话Such mistakes could have been avoided. 这种错误完全能避免。(条件可能是if you had been more careful 如果你更加小心一点的话Why didnt you tell me
