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1、外文原文：Modern design and manufacturingCAD/CAMCAD/CAM is a term which means computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing. It is the technology concerned with the use of digital computers to perform certain functions in design and production. This technology is moving in the direction of great
2、er integration （一体化）of design and manufacturing, two activities which have traditionally been treated as distinct （清楚的）and separate functions in a production firm. Ultimately, CAD/CAM will provide the technology base for the computer-integrated factory of the future.Computer-aided design （CAD） can b
3、e defined as the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimizatio n （最优化）of a design. The computer systems consist of the hardware and software to perform the specialized design functions required by the particular user firm. The CAD hardware typically includ
4、es the computer, one or more graphics display terminals, keyboards, and other peripheral equipment. The CAD software consists of the computer programs to implement （实现，执行）computer graphics to facilitate the engineering functions of the user company. Examples of these application programs include str
5、ess-strain （压力 -应变）analysis of components （部件），dynamic （动态的）response of mechanisms, heat-transfer calculations, and numerical control part programming. The collection of application programs will vary from one user firm to the next because their product lines, manufacturing processes, and customer m
6、arkets are different these factors give rise to differences in CAD system requirements.Computer-aided manufacturing （CAM） can be defined as the use of computer systems to plan, manage, and control the operations of a manufacturing plant through either direct or indirect computer interface with the p
7、lants production resources. As indicated by the definition, the applications of computer-aided manufacturing fall into two broad categories:puter monitoring and control.2.manufacturing support applications.The distinction between the two categories is fundamental to an understanding of computer-aide
8、d manufacturing.In addition to the applications involving a direct computer-process interface （界 面，接口） for the purpose of process monitoring and control, compute-aided manufacturing also includes indirect applications in which the computer serves a support role in the manufacturing operations of the
9、 plant. In these applications, the computer is not linked directly to the manufacturing process. Instead, the computer is used “off-line” （脱机） to provide plans, schedules, forecasts, instructions, and information by which the firms production resources can be managed moreeffectively. The form of the
10、 relationship between the computer and the process is represented symbolically in the figure given below. Dashed lines （虚线）are used to indicate that the communication and control link is an off-line connection, with human beings often required to consummate （使圆满）the interface. However, human beings
11、are presently required in the application either to provide input to the computer programs or to interpret the computer output and implement the required puterControl signalsProcess dataManufacturingoperationsCAM for manufacturing supportWhat is CAD/CAM software?Many toolpaths are simply too difficu
12、lt and expensive to program manually. For these situations, we need the help of a computer to write an NC part program.The fundamental concept of CAD/CAM is that we can use a Computer-Aided Drafting （CAD） system to draw the geometry of a workpiece on a computer. Once the geometry is completed, then
13、we can use a computer-Aided Manufacturing （CAM） system to generate an NC toolpath based on the CAD geometry.The progression （行进，级数 ）from a CAD drawing all the way to the working NC code is illustrated as follows:Step 1: The geometry is defined in a CAD drawing. This workpiece contains a pocket to be
14、 machined. It might take several hours to manually write the code for this pocke（t 凹槽，型腔）. However, we can use a CAM program to create the NC code in a matter of minutes.Step 2: The model is next imported into the CAM module. We can then select the proper geometry and define the style of toolpath to
15、 create, which in this case is a pocket. We must also tell the CAM system which tools to use, the type of material, feed, and depth of cut information.Step 3: The CAM model is then verified to ensure that the toolpaths are correct. If any mistakes are found, it is simple to make changes at this poin
16、t.Step 4: The final product of CAD/CAM process is the NC code. The NC code is produced by post-processing （后处理）the model, the code is customized （定制，用 户化）to accommodate the particular variety of CNC control.Another acronym that we may run into is CAPP, which stands for Computer-Aided Part Programming. CAPP is the process of using computers to aid in the programming of NC toolpaths. However, the acronym CAPP never reall
