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1、Chapter 7 Language, Culture, and SocietyAnthropological linguistics: Often simply the study of lesser-known languages through field work. Also, more generally, of any work on language from an anthropological viewpoint: of the use of language in ritual, of vocabulary in relation to culture, of the or
2、ganization of information in a text, and so on.Sociolinguistics: Any study of language in relation to society. Commonly, from the late 1960s, of studies of variation in language by Labov and his followers. In that sense, sociolinguistics might be defined as the study of correlations between linguist
3、ic variables . the precise phonetic quality of a vowel . individuals from different social classes may pronounce ar in different ways), or the presence or absence of a certain element in a construction . Cicily: When I see a spade I call it a spade. Gwendolen: I am glad to say I have never seen a sp
4、ade. It is obvious our social sphere have been widely different.) and non-linguistic variables such as the social class of speakers, their age, sex, etc. Increasingly, from the end of the 1970s, of the range of loosely connected investigations, including Conversation Analysis (concentrates on relati
5、ons between successive turns and the operation of a hypothetical turn-taking system) as conducted especially by sociologists, the study of relations in general between language and ideology (as poor as a church mouse vs 穷得房无一间, 地无一垄) or language and power, linguistic aspects of social psychology, et
6、c.Language and cultureCulture: the characteristics of cultivated manthe life-way of a populationthe components of culture:1） Materials to satisfy human needs2） Social institutions and organizations3） Knowledge about the world and artistic development4） Language and other communication systems5） Cust
7、oms, habits and behavioral patterns6） Value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards and thinking patterns.Nida:1) ecological culture2) linguistic culture3) religious culture4) material culture5) social cultureThe anthropological orientation in the study of languageIn EnglandMalino
8、wsky: a functional anthropologist. According to him, language functions as a link in concerted human activity It is a mode of action and not an instrument of reflection. The meaning of language elements greatly depended upon the context of situation in which they occur. (Johns like a fish.)Firth: th
9、e first professor of linguistics in England and a close friend of Malinowsky. He tried to set up a model for illustrating the close relationship between language use and context of situation which contain the following components:A. the relevant features of the participants: persons, personalities(i
10、) The verbal action of the participants(ii) The non-verbal action of the participantsB. The relevant objectsC. The effects of the verbal actionHalliday: a student of Firth and the founder of systemic-functional linguistics that, especially the functional aspect, is also termed as sociosemantics. Acc
11、ording to Halliday, the context of situation contains three components:Field of discourse: the subject matter being discussed.Tenor of discourse: the social relations between the participants of conversationsMode of discourse: the channel of communicationAn illustrationZhao Yan：Excuse me. Id like so
12、me information on how to get into an American University.Officer: Yes, of course. Well, first, you write and get an application form. Then, you send it with a copy of your school records and an affidavit of support. And after that, you ask your teachers for some letters of recommendation.Zhao Yan: A
13、nd do I need to take any tests?Officer: yes, you have to take the TOEFL test for one, and for some schools I think you may also have to take the SATZhao Yan: And is it all right to apply to several universities at the same time?Officer: Oh, sure. No problem.The field of discourse：information on how
14、to get into an American university: writing to get an application form, sending it with a copy of school records, an affidavit of support, and some letters of recommendation, taking the TOEFL test and in some cases a SAT test, and the possibility to apply to several universities simultaneously.The t
15、enor of discourse：communication between a student and an officer in American EmbassyThe mode of discourse：oral EnglishThe nature of Hallidays sociosemantics can be captured by the following table: Phonology / graphologyTransitivity: the 6 processesMode-residue structureTheme-rheme structure Ideation
16、al meaningInterpersonal meaningTextual meaningField of discourseTenor of discourseMode of discourseIn the USABoas, Sapir and Whorf: the anthropological approach to the study of language which can still be felt when we talk about Ethnography of Communication. What is best remembered of American Anthropological linguistics is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:Linguistic dete
