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1、CHAP1 全球化Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy.(全球化是指转向一个更为一体化与相互依存的世界经济）Globalization has two facets: 1) the globalization of markets 2) the globalization of production（市场的全球化和生产的全球化）EFFECT（影响）v Critics worry that globalization will cause job lo
2、sses, environmental degradation, and the cultural imperialism of global media and MNEs.(反对者认为全球化会导致失业，环境恶化，由于全球媒体和跨国公司导致的文化侵蚀）v Supporters believe that increased trade and cross-border investment mean lower prices for goods and services, greater economic growth, higher consumer income, and more jobs
3、（支持者相信会增加贸易，跨国投资意味着商品和服务更低价，更大的经济增长，更高的消费收入，更多就业）v 名词v Globalization 全球化 globalization of markets市场全球化 globalization of production生产全球化 factors of production 生产要素 world trade organization 世界贸易组织 world bank 世界银行 international monetary fund 国际货币基金组织 international trade 国际贸易 foreign direct investment F
4、DI 对外直接投资 multinational enterprise MNE 跨国公司 CHAP6 国际贸易理论v Mercantilism suggests that it is in a countrys best interest to maintain a trade surplus - to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益-出口超过进口）v Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance o
5、f trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差） v It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损）Absolute Advantage 绝对优势v Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient th
6、an any other country in producing itv 亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势v According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生
7、产的商品The Benefit of Absolute Advantage and Free Tradev The Principle for International Division of LaborAbsolute Advantage v 国际分工的原则-绝对优势v The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易v 1. To Production:v the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动v the Efficiency of Factor Dist
8、ribution 要素分配效率v the Quantity of Production 产品质量v 2. To Consumer: v Welfare from Free Trade自由贸易福利v : low price of imports and more consumption 低价格的进口更多的消费Comparative Advantage比较优势Ricardos theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in the production of those goods they
9、produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that they could produce more efficiently at home李嘉图的比较优势理论认为一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，甚至从别国购买自己更能有效生产的产品是有意义choose bigger one in two advantag
10、es and smaller one in two disadvantages 两利取重两害取轻Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 俄林理论v Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin argued that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor endowments（天赋） the extent to which a country is endowed with resources like land, labor, and capital赫克歇尔和俄林认为比较优势是由
11、各国生产要素禀赋的差异引起的，指一国的一些资源比如土地，劳动力还有资本v The Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce 赫克歇尔俄琳理论预测一国将出口密集型使用本国充足要素的产品，进口密集使用本国稀缺要素的产品
12、v To take advantage of factor of endowmentsNew Trade Theory 新贸易理论 New trade theory suggests that the ability of firms to gain economies of scale (unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output) can have important implications for international tradeNew trade theory suggests that:v thro
13、ugh its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average cost of those goodsv 贸易可以通过对规模经济的影响增加消费品的种类，降低这些商品的平均成本v in those industries when output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant proportion of total wo
14、rld demand, the global market may only be able to support a small number of enterprisesv 一些应该达到规模经济的产业，所生产的产品占世界总需求的比重较大，这样全球市场就只能容纳数量很少的企业Factor Endowments 要素禀赋v Factor endowments refer to a nations position in factors of production necessary to compete in a given industry 要素禀赋理论意味着国家态度对一个特定行业生产要素的
15、竞争是很必要的v A nations position in factors of production can lead to competitive advantage国家对生产要素的使用态度可以导致比较优势v These factors can be either basic (natural resources, climate, location) or advanced (skilled labor, infrastructure, technological know-how) 要素可以是基础的也可以是高等的First-Mover Advantages 第一进入者优势v Bein
16、g a first mover can have important competitive implications, especially if there are economies of scale and the global industry will only support a few competitorsv 第一进入者有重要的竞争影响，特别是规模经济或者全球行业只有少量竞争者时v Firms that establish a first-mover advantage may dominate global trade in that productv 公司建立了第一个优势可能
