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1、英语国家概况补充材料A:名词解释补充ThePilgrimFathers(英国清教徒):ThisisgiventothosememberswhomadethefirstcrossingonthefamousMayflower,whichIandedatPlymouthharborinDecember1620.Jacksoniandemocracy(杰克森式民主):ItisusedinAmericanpoliticstodescribetheperiodwhenthe“commonman”participatedinthegovernment,occurringafterJeffersoniand
2、emocracy.TheProgressiveMovement(革新运动):Itwasareformmovementthatreacheditsheightintheearly20thcentury.Thisaroseasaresponsetothevastchangesbroughtbyindustrialization.TheUnionFlag(英国国旗):AlsoknownastheUnionJack.ItisthenationalflagoftheUK.Itsymbolizesthe4administrativenations,theEngland,Scotland,Walesandt
3、heNorthernIreland.TheredcrossstandsforEngland,thediagonalRedCrossstandsforIrelandandthediagonalwhitecrossstandsforScotland.BritishCommonwealth(英联邦):AlsoknownastheCommonwealthofNations.ItincludestheUKandthe40orsoformerBritishcoloniesthatarenowsovereignstates.Itwasformallyestablishedin1931.EuropeanUni
4、on(欧盟):Itisaneconomicandpoliticalunionestablishedin1993.TheestablishmentoftheEuropeanUnionexpandedthepoliticalscopeoftheEuropeanEconomic,especiallyintheareaofforeignandsecuritypolicies,andprovidedforthecreationofacentralEuropeanbankandtheadoptionofacommoncurrency.DomesdayBook(末日审判书):Thewrittenrecord
5、ofacensusandsurveyofEnglishlandownersandtheirpropertymadebyorderofWilliamtheConquerorin1085-1086.Stonehenge(巨石阵):AgroupofstandingstonesonaplaininthesouthernEngland.Thearrangementofthestonessuggeststhatitwasusedasareligiouscenterandalsoasanastronomicalobservatory.JuliusCaesar(凯撒大帝):Heisaromangeneral,
6、statesmanandhistorian.HeinvadedBritish,conqueredthearmyofhispoliticalenemyPompey,andpursuedotherenemiestoEgypt.HereturnedtoRome,andwasgivenaorderbythepeopletoruleasdictatoruntilhewasmurdered.Protestantism(新教):Oneofthe3majorbranchesofChristianity,originatinginthe16thcenturyReformationinEurope.Margare
7、tThatcher(撒切尔夫人):SheisthefirstBritishfemalePrimeMinisterwhoheldtheofficeofPMLongerthananyoneelseinthe20thcentury.Shewaselectedin1979,shoredupaConservative-ledgovernment,favoredprivatizationplans.Hernicknameis“TheIronLady”shewaselectedtothreeconsecutivetermsandresignedin1990Keynesian(凯恩斯主义):Theeconom
8、ictheoriesofeconomistKeynes,whoadvocategovernmentmonetaryandfiscalprograms,designedtoincreaseemploymentandstimulatebusinessactivity.WestminsterAbbey(威斯敏斯特教堂):AfamouschurchlocatedinLondon,whereEnglishmonarchsarecrownedanddistinguishedEnglishsubjectsareburied.ThePoetsornercontainsthegravesofgreatEngli
9、shwriters.Grammarschool:OriginallymeanttoeducatetheyounginLatingrammarandthatofanotherEuropeanlanguage.TheseschoolsinmodernUKareintendedtoteachahighlyacademicclassandteachstudentstodealwithabstractconcepts.TheAmericanRevolution(独立战争):AlsoknownastheWarofIndependence,itbeganin1775andendedin1783.Itende
10、d2centuriesofBritishruleformostoftheNorthAmericancoloniesandcreatedtheUnitedStatesofAmerica.TheConfederacy(联邦):Thisreferstothe11statesinthesouththatsecededfromtheUniontoestablishwhatthecalledtheConfederateStatesofAmerica.MonroeDoctrine(门罗主义):ThisproclaimedtheUSopinionthatEuropeanpowersshouldnolonger
11、colonizetheAmericasorinterferewiththeaffairsofsovereignnationslocatedintheAmericas.TheTrumanDoctrine(杜鲁门主义):ThiswaspartoftheUSpoliticalresponsetoperceivedaggressionbytheSovietUnioninEuropeandtheMiddleEast.WASP(盎格鲁撒克逊系白人清教徒):Asaterm,itreferstopeopleofEnglishdescentwhobelieveinProtestantism.Allofthems
12、hareacommonheritagethathasbeenapowerfulforceinshapingthevaluesandbeliefsofAmericans.OneofthemostimportantvaluesassociatedwithAmericanProtestantismisvalueofself-important.NAACP(有色人种协进会):Itisanorganizationfoundedin1909,aimingtouselegalredressinthecourtstoendracialdiscrimination.Today,itstillremainsast
13、hemostinfluentialblackorganizationintheUSA.TheArticlesofConfederation(联邦宪法):Itisthefirstlawtounitethenewstates,itisnecessarytodefinetherelativepowersoftheContinentalCongress.ItwasdraftedbyDickinsonandwasratifiedin1781.But8yearslater,itwasreplacedbytheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.WatergateScandal(水门
14、事件):ItreferstotheWatergateHotelinWashingtonDC.TheWatergateBurglarsbrokeintotheDemocraticPartyNationalCommitteeofficesin1972andgotarrested.ThepresidentNixonresignedduetothisstorm.B:本学期两次重点作业WhatisthehistoricalmeaningofNormanConquestinBritishhistory?1、TheNormanConquestwasineffectaFrenchconquestandthei
15、mpositionuponEnglandarulingFrencharistocracy.2、TheNorman-FrenchreplacedEnglishasanauthoritativeIanguageinEngland.Englishbecamealower-classIanguage.3、ItwasoneofthemostdecisiveeventsinEnglishhistory,whichcausedafundamentalchangeinthewayoflifeoftheEnglishpeople.4、IttiedEnglandscivilizationcloselytothat
16、ofcontinentalEuropWhatarethecausesforHenry忸sreligiousreformation?Andwhatistheeffectofthereformation?Reasons:1、TheChurchoftheMiddleAgeshadnotbeenonlyareligiousbody,butalsoapoliticalandlegalpower.2、Henry忸becametheKing,hefelthismarriagewasdispleasingtoGod,becausehehadoffendedinmarringhisbrotherwidow,Catherine,whodidntgivebirthtoason.Hedecidedtodivorce.3、ThePopewasinthecontrolofEmperorCharlesV,Cather