语法千题讲解虚拟语气

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1、虚拟语气理论知识 一、 定义虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。要判断是否是虚拟语气首先应判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句,只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。二、 形式 条件状语从句主句与现在事实相反一般过去式(be用were)Would/should/could、might+动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词Should/would/could/might+ have+过去分词与将来事实相反一般过去时或should(或were to+动词原形Would/should/could/might+动词原形注:“

2、后退一步法”后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后,按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即:在非真实条件状语从句中,谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。三、 用法1. 表示与现在事实相反的假设,条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式”,而主句中的谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。Eg:If I were a bird,I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。2. 表示与过去事实相反的假设,条件状语从句中的谓语动词had+过去分词,主句中的谓语动词则用“should/would/could/might+

3、have+过去分词”。Eg:If it hadnt been for him,we would have lost the game. 要不是他,我们这场球就输了。3. 表示与将来事实相反的假设,条件状语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去式或should(或were to)+动词原形,而主句中的谓语动词则用 would/should/could/might+动词原形。Eg:If he were to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem.要是他今晚会来,我就请他帮忙解决这个问题。4. 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主语从句

4、表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做相应调整。错综时间虚拟条件句。Eg:If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now.如果他们以前努力学习的话,现在就会干的容易一点。If he had not taken my advice, he wouldnt do it much better like this.如果他没有听取我的建议,他就不会干得这样好。5. 有时if引导的状语从句可以省略if,但要把were,had,should,或could放在主语前面(这种结构在口语中较少使用)。Eg:Had we mad

5、e (=If we had made) adequate preparations, we might have succeeded.要是准备充分,我们是可以成功的。Should there be a cheat, what should we do?万一那是个骗局,我们该怎么办?Should Mr. Green call, what would you say?如果格林先生来电话,你该怎么说?6. 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,而是通过一个介词短语表示虚拟语气用在含有介词without,副词otherwise,but for以及短语or else的句子中。Eg:He could ha

6、ve done better under more favourable conditions.在更有利的条件下他还可以做的更好些。Without your coming, the party would be a boring party.要不是你的到来,这个聚会只会让人厌烦。四、 虚拟语气用于名词性从句(一) 主语从句1. “It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that”结构中的虚拟语气 在形如“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that”结构中,使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为

7、should +动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形(美国英语中省去should)。l 常用的形容词:* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (极好的)advisable(合理的),c

8、ompulsory(必须的),crucial(紧急的),desirable(理想的),essential(必要的),imperative(迫切的),incredible(惊人的),necessary(必要的),possible(可能的),strange(奇怪的),urgent(紧迫的)。l 常用的过去分词(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建议,译为“暗示”时不用虚拟语气), recommended (推荐)* orderd (命令)Eg:It

9、 is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible.这些申请表应尽早地寄回,这是很重要的。It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project.重要的是募集足够的钱,为这个项目提供资金。It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.我们有必要事先做好一切准备。2. 在It is +名词+that的主语从句中的虚拟语气在It is

10、+名词+that的主语从句中,常用虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词有:advice ,decision ,desire ,demand ,idea,motion ,order,pity ,preference ,proposal,recommendation ,requirement,resolution,shame,suggestion,surprise,wish,wonder等。Eg:It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad. 我建议派他去国外进一步学习。 It is suggested

11、that we should form a spare time study group.我们建议成立一个业余学习小组。 (二) 宾语从句1. Wish后的宾语从句,表示不能实现的愿望,意为“要是就好了”等。 现在:过去时(did/were)Wish+宾语从句+ 过去:过去完成时(had done)could(should) +have+过去分词 未来:would/could/might+动词原形 Eg:I wish I were as beautiful as you.我希望像你一样美丽。I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.真希

12、望他不要把事情闹大了。I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.但愿我过去对发音注意得更多一些。2. 在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可省略。常用词:suggest(表“暗示”时一般不用虚拟语气),advise,propose,demand,require,insist(“认为”不用,“要求”用),request,command,order,desire等。(一坚持两命令三建议四要求)Eg:He demanded that the company should ma

13、ke compensation for the loss.他要求该公司赔偿那个损失。He ordered that work (should) be started at once.他命令立即开始工作。He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.他要求给他一个机会试试。3. 在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句,我们经常用“should+动词原形(或完成形式)”,表示惊奇,怀疑,不满等。Eg:I never expected that the problem should be s

14、o complicated.我从没想过问题竟会这样复杂。We never thought he should refuse.我们从没想过他会拒绝。4. would rather , would sooner,had rather, would (just) as soon ,would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或对过去做的事的懊悔。Eg:To be frank,Id rather you were not involved in the case.坦率地说,我希望你不要卷入这件事。Frankly

15、speaking ,Id rather you didnt do anything about it for the time being.坦白地说,我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。注:若某人愿自己做某事,would rather后用动词原形Eg:I would rather stay at home today.would rather.than.中用动词原形Eg:I would rather stay at home than go out today.5. “had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气Eg:I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China. 我原本希望她到美国去念书,但她说她喜欢留在中国。(三) 同位语从句 在名词advise,suggestion,ord

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