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1、专题八状语从句、定语从句状语从句一、时间状语从句1before引导的从句中不用否定式谓语。常用如下句型：It is long before.(过了好久才)It is not long before.(过了不久就)2since后面所用动词不同，该动词所表示动作持续时间的计算方法也不同。It is two years since he joined the army.It is two years since he smoked.二、地点状语从句多由where和wherever引导。Where there is a will，there is a way.二、原因状语从句在表示原因时，becaus
2、e语气最重，其次是as，since，now that，故在回答why问句或者在强调句对原因进行强调时，只能用because。for是并列连词，表示推测的理由或者进一步说明，不能放在句首，for前要用逗号。Why were you absent?Because I was ill.三、目的状语从句1so that/in order that引导的目的状语从句中的谓语动词多用can/could/may/might/will/would动词。Please turn off the light so that I can go to sleep.2for fear that，in case，lest表
3、示“以防，免得”。He is working hard for fear that he should fail.四、条件状语从句1providing/provided (that)假如，假若Providing (that) no one has further questions，the meeting will be over.2on the understanding thaton condition that在条件下I give you money on the understanding that you finish your homework.五、结果状语从句注意such引导的结
4、果状语从句与定语从句的区别。试比较：This is such an interesting book that everyone likes to read it.This is such an interesting book as everyone likes to read.六、目的状语从句与结果状语从句的区别in order that可放在句首，只能引导目的状语从句；so that引导目的或结果状语从句，不能放在句首。试比较：He spoke so slowly that we all followed him.(结果状语从句)He spoke slowly，so we all fol
5、lowed him.He spoke slowly so (in order) that we could all understand him.(目的状语从句)七、让步状语从句1as引导让步状语从句，作“尽管”解，用倒装句，语序为：状语/宾语/表语/动词原形as主语谓语。如果句首是单数可数名词作表语，名词前无冠词。Clever as you may be，you cant do that.Clever boy as he is，he cant solve the problem.2while有时引导让步状语从句，作“尽管”、“虽然”讲，多用于句首。While I admit the prob
6、lems are difficult，I dont agree that I cant solve them.八、地点状语从句多由where和wherever引导。Where there is a will，there is a way.九、方式状语从句方式状语从句常由as(按照)，just as(正像)，as ifas though(仿佛，好像；从句可用虚拟语气)等引导。I changed my mind as you suggested.定语从句一、关系代词的用法1that和which的用法(1)限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词that的情况：当先行词是不定代词all，much，littl
7、e，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one时。You should hand in all that you have.当先行词前面被the only，the very，any，few，little，no，all等词修饰时。This is the only thing that has been tried.当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best that has been used against pollution.当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。This train
8、is the last that will go to Suzhou.当先行词既有人又有物时。Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。Which is the bike that you lost?有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用that。They secretly built up a small factory，which produced things that could cause pollution.当先行词在主句中作表语，而
9、关系代词也在从句中作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.(2)定语从句中必须用which的情况：在非限制性定语从句中，只用which，不用that。Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others，which，of course，made the others envy him.当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which，不用that。This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，
10、由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。This is the pen (which/that) Im looking for.不可以说：This is the pen for which Im looking.2who，whom和whose的用法当先行词指人，在定语从句中作主语时，用who，不可省略；在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/that，可以省略；在定语从句中作定语时，用whose，不可省略。She is the girl who lives next door.Thats the girl (whom/that) I teach.3“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词
11、关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，即：介词which/whom。(1)当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词只能用which或whom，且不能省略。They may start as a group of highschool students，for whom practising their music in someones house is the first step to fame.(2)在限制性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which(指物)，that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词
12、可以省略。(3)“复合介词短语关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall apple tree.(4)介词which/whom不定式结构。The poor man has no house in which to live.The poor man has no house to live in.The poor man has no house in which he can live.4as和which的区别(1)a
13、s引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.(2)当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as。As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.The moon travels round the eart
14、h once every month，as/which is known to everybody.It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.(后两句属名词性从句范畴。)另外，as多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那样as we had expected正如我们所预料的
15、那样as often happens正如经常发生的那样as has been said before如上所述as is mentioned above正如上面提到的(3)当定语从句放在主句后面时，也并不是as就永远等于which。当定语从句是否定句或表示否定时，只能用which。He came here very late，which was unexpected(not expected)Mr.Smith usually praises his student Rose in public，which she doesnt like at all.当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态。如：be known，be said等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。as常用在as often happens，as was said earlier，as I understand，as appears等结构中。Jack has won the first prize，as often happens.as仍然保持作连词时常有的某种含义。David is tal
