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1、 Dark Romanticism a literary subgenre that emerged from the Transcendental philosophical movement popular in nineteenth-century America. Works in the dark romantic spirit were influenced by, but didnt entirely embrace the ideas of Transcendentalism. Authors considered most representative of dark rom
2、anticism are Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville and Emily Dickinson. Features:1. Dark Romantics are much less confident about the notion that perfection is an innate quality of mankind, as believed by Transcendentalists. Subsequently, Dark Romantics present individuals as prone to
3、 sin and self-destruction, not as inherently possessing divinity and wisdom. 2. Although nature is a deeply spiritual force and it does reveal truth to man, its revelations are evil and hellish.3. Whereas Transcendentalists advocate social reform when appropriate, works of Dark Romanticism frequentl
4、y show individuals failing in their attempts to make changes for the better. I. Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)An important American novelist and writer of short stories;His novels are significant part of American romanticism, or more specifically, Dark Romanticism. “He can neither believe, nor be c
5、omfortable in his unbelief; and he is too honest and courageous not to try to do one or the other. If he were a religious man, he would be one of the most truly religious and reverential; he has a very high and noble nature, and better worth immortality than most of us.” 1. Life Born July 4, 1804 in
6、 Salem, MA Father died when Hawthorne was four years old. sent to private school once his relatives discovered his storytelling abilities. 1821, went to Bowdoin College in Maine, where he met Harriet Beecher Stowe, Franklin Pierce and Henry Longfellow. Married Sophie Peabody in 1825 Spent many years
7、 in seclusion starving artist. Held many jobs including writer, publisher, working at a customs.house, and consul in England.Throughout Hawthornes life, he was incessantly troubled with a sense of guilt, for his ancestors evil behaviors in the Salem Witches Trials. His great-great-grandfather, Willi
8、am Hathorne, ordered the whipping of Anne Coleman and four others in the streets of Salem. His great-grandfather, John Hathorne, was the magistrate presiding over the trial of the accused witches of Salem (1692).2. Representative WorksTwo collections of short stories:Twice-told Tales (1837)Mosses fr
9、om an Old Manse (1846)Four Romances:The Scarlet Letter (1850)The House of the Seven Gables (1851)The Blithedale Romance (1852)The Marble Faun (1860)Short Stories:“Young Goodman Brown”“The Ministers Black Veil”“The Birth mark”“Rappaccinis Daughter”3. Themes in Hawthornes works Sense of Evil (1) Evil
10、is at the core of human life. Original Sin & Total Depravity推荐精选 Evil exists in the human heart, human heart is the source of evil. Everyone possesses some evil secret. Evil is mans birthmark. “Young Goodman Brown” Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism deeply, though was not a Puritan himself; depri
11、ved of Emersons optimism.(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation. Due to his sense of guilt, after his college, Hawthorne added a “w” to his original family name “Hathorne”, thus “Hawthorne” The House of the Seven GablesIn the Preface t
12、o the novel, Hawthorne states that its moral is that the wrongdoing of one generation lives into the successive ones and. becomes a pure and uncontrollable mischief. “God,” said the dying man, pointing his finger, with a ghastly look, at the undismayed countenance of his enemy, “God will give him bl
13、ood to drink!”(3) Evil educates.Achievement is possible only “under the impact of and by engagement with evilthe tragic rise born of the fortunate fall”. “The Ministers Black Veil”(4) disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening intellect.“Dr. Rappaccinis Daughter”4. Hawthornes Aestheticsa.
14、 Take great interest in history and antiquity. antiquity Imagination “dream strange things, and make them look like truth” “the poverty of materials” History and antiquity furnish the soil on which his grows to fruition.b. Romance is the best form for America literature. Romance: Originally courtly
15、stories dealing with the three traditional subjects: the legends about Arthur, Charlemagne and his knights, and classical heroes especially Alexander; it involves the suspension of the circumstances normally attendant on human actions (often through magic) in order to illustrate a moral point; from 18th century, it started to embrace some sentimental novels. the poverty of materials His Puritan prudence Romance: “to tell the truth and satire and yet not to offend.”5. Hawthornes Writing Stylesa. The use of symbol.b. Revelat
