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1、-从句一、句子的种类英语句子按构造可分三种:1.简单句: 只包含一个主谓构造的句子,包括五种根本句型1主语 谓语; 2) 主语 谓语 宾语 ;3) 主语 系动词 表语;4) 主语 谓语间接宾语 直接宾语;5) 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补语 注意:非谓语做状语,也属于简单句,后面句子前不能出现连词。2.并列句:并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要,相互之间没有附属关系,是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。句型:主谓构造+并列连词(and, but, so, or) +主谓构造(或更多的主谓构造)注意:并列句连接的两个或两个以上的简单句,短语和句子不能连接。3.
2、复合句: 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。句型: 引导词+主谓构造 +主谓构造;或主谓构造+引导词+主谓构造 (从句) (主句)主句 从句主句是全句的主体,通常可以独立存在;从句则是一个句子成分,不能独立存在。从句不能单独成句,但它也有主语局部和谓语局部,就像一个句子一样。所不同在于,从句须由一个关联词引导。从句包括名词性从句主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。二、需要注意的问题1.句子原则:一个句子只能有一个主谓构造,谓语是唯一的,谓语由动词构成,如果出现更多动词: 加连词and / but / so,变成并列谓语或并列句 加上引导词变成从句 变为非谓语动词2
3、.英语句子和汉语句子的比照1英语句子的特点之一是重形合,句子的各个局部要由各种连词、关系词等连接起来;而汉语句子是重意合,句子前后连接主要是通过上下文的逻辑意义来实现的,连接词的使用远远少于英语,由于这一特点,很多学生在写作时往往忘了使用连接词,造成诸多病句。2在汉语中逗号可以直接连接句子,但是在英语中,句子之间连接除了逗号外,还要借助连词。连词主要有两类,即并列连词和附属连词,并列连词在句中连接并列句,附属连词主要引导从句的。有一种情况可以不用连词只用逗号连接,那就是独立主格构造。3汉语句子中,两个连词可以同时出现在一个句子中,但是在英语中,附属连词和并列连词不能在一个句子中同时使用,只能用
4、一个。改错:Eg.1) I am tired, I must go to bed.2) He has two sons, both of them are teachers.3) The woman talked to you just now is our English teacher.4) There are many students study in the classroom5) The boy ran to his mother cry. 6) After write the notice, he put it up on the wall.7)Apersonhasnotenou
5、ghfood,hewillnothaveahealthybody.8) Thesunwarmstheearth,thismakesitpossiblefortheplantsgrow.9) Wewerelookingforyournewcoat,wecouldnotfindit.10)Practise more reading,you will improve your reading ability.11) Thepersoncametoseemethatafternoonisanoldfriendofmine.12He succeeded in passing the e*am made
6、his parents very happy.14) It is a pity she didnt win the prize.15Tomorrow is Sunday, we dont need to go to school.16) The work was finished, we went home.17) Time permits, well go out to play.18Turning to the left, and you will find a bank.19) Having been told many times, but he couldnt understand
7、it.20) Because he was ill, so he didnt go to school.21) Though he is a child, but he knows a lot.三、各种从句的引导词的选择关于这个问题是学生学习从句这一容的最大障碍,要弄清属于什么从句,除t了分清各从句在主句中的位置外,关键在于弄懂各个引导词在从句中的作用。1. 定语从句放在所修饰的名词或代词的后面2. 名词性从句分为主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句。1主语从句位于主句中的谓语或后置;2宾语从句位于主句中及物动词或介词和*些形容词之后。 3表语从句位于主句中的系动词之后;4同位语从句位于名
8、词如:idea, fact, truth, suggestion, plan之后;3.状语从句位置可以在主句前或主句后;时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。 引导词充当成分判断依据名词性从句连接词that无实义不充当成分1、 连接词的意义2、 在从句当中充当的成分whether/if是否连接代词What(什么,的) whatever无论什么主、宾、表定Who谁 whoever无论是谁主Whom(谁) whomever(无论是谁)宾Which(哪个)whichever(无论哪个)主、宾、定Whose谁的定连接副词where 什么地方状语When什么时候why 为什么Ho
9、w怎样定语从句关系代词who 主、宾、1、 先行词2、在从句当中充当的成分Whom宾、Which主、宾、that主、宾、表Whose定语关系副词Where状语WhenWhy状语从句时间when,while, as.状语主从句之间的逻辑关系,注意附属连词的意义地点where,wherever.原因because, as,since.目的so that, in order that结果so/such.that条件if, unless.方式as让步although, even if比拟.than.定语从句一、定语的概念: 定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。比方: a beautiful girl thre
10、e boys a shoe factory Jims father ( ) our teacher ( ) the man in the car the man standing at the door the man who is talking with Sam 单个词做定语放在被修饰词_, 短语或句子做定语放在被修饰词_.二、定语从句的概念及主要特征:1定语从句:在复合句中,修饰*一_或_的从句叫定语从句。三要素:1被定语从句修饰的词叫_;2) 引导定语从句的词叫_; 3) 关系词在从句中充当_关系词的作用:1引导_; 2)替代_; 3) 在从句中充当_请划出以下句子中的定语从句、先行词
11、及关系代词:The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.2. 关系词的分类及用法关系词分为_和_, 关系代词有_ 关系副词有_关系词指代的先行词在从句中充当的成分3.定语从句的分类及用法区别定语从句 形式功能能否省略关系词先行词限制性定语从句非限制定语从句4.使用定语从句需要注意的问题1、that与which的区别。1用that而不用 which的情况:领先行词是不定代词everything, anything, nothing ,something, all, none, few, little, some, much
12、等代词时,或领先行词有every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。先行词有the only, the very, the last等词修饰先行词有形容词_或_修饰;先行词既有_又有_时; 主句的主语是_或_假设关系代词在从句中作_,一般需用that。e.g. All that glitters is not goldThere is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. There is little that I can do for you.This is the very dict
13、ionary that I want to buy.This is the best film that I have ever seen.Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. Who is the man that is standing by the gateWhich is the T-shirt that fits me mostThey talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school Mary is no longer the girl that she was.2用which而不用 that的情况:引导非限制性定语从句;代表整个主句的意思;介词 + 关系代词。e.g. He had failed in the maths e*am, which made his father very angry.This is the room in which my father lived last year.2.that 与who的区别在o