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1、第一部分 句子句子的成分1定义:组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分,即:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分。句子成分意 义例 句主 语表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。Lucy is an American girl .We study in No.1 Middle School .谓 语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)用动词。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致We love China . She is sin
2、ging .Mike hopes to be a doctor . His parents are farmers .表 语说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。Her aunt is a driver . Are you ready ?We were at home last night .句子成分意 义例 句宾 语表示动词、行为的对象,由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当,和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。He often helps me . We study English at school.Did you see hi
3、m yesterday ?定 语用来修饰名词或代词。作定语的除形容词外,还有代词、数词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。The black bike is mine. Whats your name, please ?We have four lessons in the morning ?状 语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示。People are all working hard. It is very nice.We had a meeting this afternoon .宾
4、语补足语英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。这类词有:make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let等。He made me very angry.I find him a good boy .句子的种类1英语中按使用目的或功用分为四类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。 A陈述句 陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个人的看法。陈述句分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句两种。a陈述句的肯定式。I have already posted the photos. / They are students. / I
5、 must go now . / He was reading a book at 8:00 last night. b陈述句的否定形式。(1)谓语动词是系动词be, 助动词have, will, shall, be或情态动词,只须在其后面加not构成否定句。 She isnt a student . / He hasnt been to the Great Wall . / I can not swim . / You will not go there tomorrow. / They arent sleeping .(2)若谓语动词是实义动词,在实义动词前加上do not,第三人称单数现
6、在时用does not,过去时用did not。 He didnt send me an invitation .(3)由具有否定含义的词never, nobody, hardly, little, dislike, seldom, few, tooto等构成的否定句。 Not all the books in our school library can be renewed .B. 疑问句。 疑问句提出问题。英语中有四种疑问句:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。 a一般疑问句:以一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have开始,语调为升调,通常要求以yes或no回答的疑问句。(1
7、)一般疑问句的基本结构: Be动词(is, am, are, was, were)+主语+表语? Have动词(表示“有”:have, has, had)+主语+宾语? 情态动词(can, may, must等)+主语+行为动词或be? 助动词(do, does, did)+主语+行为动词? 助动词(shall, will, have, has)+主语+行为动词?(2)否定形式的疑问句,通常把助动词与not缩写,放在句首。构成回答: Arent you a student? Yes, I am .(不,我是) No, I am not .(对,我不是) b特殊疑问句:以疑问代词who, wha
8、t, whom, whose, which或疑问副词when, where, why, how开头。(1)如果疑问词在句中作主语或其修饰主语时,其语序如陈述句。Who is on duty today ? / Which book is yours?(2)如果疑问词在句中不作主语或其修饰主语,用“疑问词一般疑问句”形式。Where have you been ? c选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上的情况,供回答者选择,并由or连用,但不能用Yes或no 来回答。(1)疑问句选择成分1or选择成分2?Do you want coffee or cocoa ? / Are you an Englis
9、hman or an American ? (2)特殊问句选择答案1or选择答案2?who runs fast, Tom , Mary or Li lei . d反意疑问句:陈述部分提问部分。(1)前肯后否,前否后肯。 前后人称、数和时态要一致,疑问部分要用代词。事实回答用Yes, 非事实回答用No . 前陈述句用降调,后问句用升调;如对前陈述句内容有把握,后问句也可用降调。如果前面陈述句中有否定词:hardly, little, few, never, rarely, nothing, none , nobody, not, no 等,后面疑问句应该用肯定式。(2)陈述句中有:have to
10、, had to, ought to, used to, dont(imperative), somebody / someone, everybody / everyone时,附加疑问句需分别用:dont, didnt, shouldnt, usednt / didnt, will, they等。 My grandma used to be a teacher, usednt / didnt she ? Dont turn on the TV set, will you ?(3)陈述句部分是复合句时,提问部分的主语和助动词要与主句一致。He was reading when the teac
11、her came in, wasnt he ?(4)在“I think(guess, suppose, believe)+宾语从句”中,当主语是第一人称时,附加疑问句的主语和谓语应与后面宾语从句相一致;但若主语不是第一人称时,则附加问句与前面主句一致。 I dont think he can pass the exam, can he ? /He believed you had seen her before, didnt he ?(5)在含有情态动词must 的句子中,若must 表示推测,提问用must后面的动词。若must表示有必要时,用neednt。若mustnt表示禁止时,提问用m
12、ust。 He must be tired, isnt he ? You must go to Gaozhou, neednt you ? You mustnt smoke here, must you ?(6)陈述句部分为祈使句,疑问部分常用will you(表请求)。注:lets 用shall we(包括说话人),let us 用will you(不包括说话人)。Have a cup of tea, will you ? Lets go now, shall we ? Let us go now, will you ?C祈使句:可表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等。(省主语,动词用原形)(1)l
13、et + 第一人称,第三人称(not)动词原形。Let me try again .(2)动词原形其他成分。Listen to me carefully (3)Dont (never)+动词原形其他成分。Dont look out of the window .(4)Do+动词原形其他成分。Do give him another chance .D感叹句:表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情,句尾用“!”。What 修饰名词,how 修饰形容词、副词。(1) How 形容词 / 副词。 How + 形容词 主 谓 ! How cold it is today ! How clever the boy is
14、! How 副词 主 谓 ! How fast she runs ! How hard the girls are working ! How + 形容词 a / an + 名词 主 谓 !How clever a boy he is ! How funny an elephant it is !(2)What + 名词。 What + a / an 形容词 可数名词单数 主 谓 ! What a fine day it is today !What an honest man his father is ! What 形容词 可数名词复数 主 谓 !What tall trees they are !What good students the boys are ! What 形容词 不可数名词 主 谓 !What cold water it is ! What delicious milk it is !句子类型1从结构上看,英语的句子可分为三种类型:简单句、并列句和复合句。2简单句:由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子叫做简单句。简单句有六种句型:型号句型例 子1主语不及物动词(状语)The Fren