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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of government units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly
2、gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering and the taking of censuses all of which led to modem descriptive s
3、tatistics. From the influence of the father came modem inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be either quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence
4、, or grade level variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum-or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descripti
5、ve statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics in formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This ge
6、neral class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever
7、. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child, the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purse of inferential statistics is to
8、 predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.1.According to the first paragraph, counting and describing are associated with（ ） .2.Why does the author mention the “mother” and “father” in the first paragraph?3.Which o
9、f the following is not given as an example of a qualitative variable?4.Which of the following statements about descriptive statistics is best supported by the passage?5.According to the passage, what is the purpose of examining a sample of a population?问题1选项A.inferential statisticsB.descriptive stat
10、isticsC.unknown variablesD.qualitative changes问题2选项A.To point out that parents can teach their children statisticsB.To introduce inferential statisticsC.To explain that there are different kinds of variablesD.To present the background of statistics in humorous and understandable way.问题3选项A.GenderB.H
11、eightC.College majorD.Type of personality问题4选项A.It simplifies unwieldy masses of data.B.It leads to increased variability.C.It solves all numerical problems,D.It changes qualitative variables to quantitative variables问题5选项A.To compare different groups.B.To predict characteristics of the entire popul
12、ation.C.To consider all the quantitative variablesD.To tabulate collections of data.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.根据第一段.counting, measuring, describing., all of which led to modem descriptive statistics, 计算、测量、描述都属于现化描述性统计学。确定B选项描述性统计学正确。A选项推理统计学、C选项未知的变量和D选项质的变化不符合题意。2.第一段中的mother和father说明了统计学
13、的起源，同时表现出作者的幽默，所以正确答案为D选项以幽默易通的方式介绍统计学的背景。A选项指出 父母可以教孩子统计学，完全不合文意。B选项介绍推理统计，表达不完全。C选项说明有两种不同变量表达不确切。3.第二段提及了 qualitative variables such as sex, college major, or personality types：性质变量，如性别、大学专业或性格类型。可见性质变量不包括height高度，所以B选项符合题意。4.根据第二段最后一句话：Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of sum
14、marization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data. 大量的数据在被理解之前通常必须经过一个概括或缩减的过程。描述性统计是一种工具，用于描述、概括或简化成可理解的形式，以形成大量数据的特性。确定描述统计学可以将宏大的数据简化成一种可以数据
15、量的形式，所以A选项简化大量数据正确。B选项导致变量的增加、C选项解决所有数字的问题太绝对。D选项将性质变量变为数量变量文中未提到。5.根据文章最后一句Thus, the purse of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population. 因此，推理统计学的目的是通过对一个群体中某一样本的特征的了解来预测或估计该群体的特征。确定B选项估计人的总体特点正确。2. 单选题In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the Black population had bee8n located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1
