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1、Chapter1IntroductionWhatislinguistics?什么是语言学A ThedefinitionoflinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage对语言进行的科学研究)Processoflinguisticstudy: Certainlinguisticfactsareobserved,generalizationareformed; Hypothesesareformulated; Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations; Alingu
2、istictheoryisconstructedB ThescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics普通语言学:thestudyoflanguageasawhole从整体研究1.Phonetics:thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds(orthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)(Howspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified)2Phonology:isessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatt
3、ernsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.(Howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning)3Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords(howmorphemesarecombinedtoformwords)4Syntax:thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences(howmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtof
4、ormsentences)5. Semantics:thestudyofmeaninginabstraction6. Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseSociolinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyPsycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofthemindAppliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestola
5、nguageteachingandlearningAnthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;computationallinguisticsC Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics Prescriptivevs.Descriptive规定性与描写性 Synchronicvs.Diachronic共时性与历时性(现代英语多研究共时性)Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepoin
6、tintime;Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.diachronic(historical)linguisticssynchroniclinguistics SpeechandwritingSpokenlanguageisprimary,notthewritten LangueandparoleProposedbySwisslinguistsFdeSausse(sociological)Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechc
7、ommunity扌旨一个话语社团所有成员共有的语言系统)Parole:referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse(指语言在实际运用中的实现) Competenceandperformance语言能力与语言运用ProposedbytheAmericanlinguistNChomsky(psychological)Competence:theidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.(理想的语言使用者关于语言规则方面的知识)Performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledg
8、einlinguisticscommunication.(这种知识在语言交流中的具体实现)Whatislanguage?什么是语言A ThedefinitionoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(语言是-个具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。)a)System:combinedtogetheraccordingtorules(根据规则组合在一起)b)Arbitrary:nointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatt
9、hesymbolstandsfor(语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系)c)Vocal:theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages(所有语言的首要媒介都是声音)d)Human:languageishuman-specific(语言是人类所独有的)B Designfeatures(uniqueproperties):thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication(识别特征是指人类语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质特征) A
10、rbitrariness(任意性)Thereisnologicalornaturalconnectionbetweenalinguisticform(eithersoundorword)anditsmeaning.Whilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary(意义和语音之间没有什么逻辑的联系;虽然是任意性的,但并非完全任意)a)echoofthesoundsofobjectsoractivities:onomatopoeicwords(拟声词)b)somecompoundwords(某些复合词) Productivity(能
11、产性,创造性)Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.(Creativityoropen-endedness)Duality(双重结构性,两重性或二元性)Languageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayerssimultaneously.Thelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsoundswhicharemeaningless.Thehigherlevelismorphemeorword(dou
12、blearticulation)(语言是-个系统,包含两组结构或者两个层面。在较低/基本层面存在着语音结构,其自身没有什么意义;较高层面存在着意义单位;结构的双重性/语言的双层性) Displacement(跨时空性,移位性)Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker(refertopastandfuturetimeandtootherlocations) Culturaltransition(文化传递性)Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasagene
13、ticbasis(everyonewasbornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage),thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnt.Theabove5propertiesmaybetakenasthecorefeaturesofhumanlanguage.Chapter2Phonology音位学A Thedefinitionofphonetics(语音学)Phonetics:thestudyofthephonicmediumof
14、language:itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworldslanguages.(是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究,它关注语言世界中的所有语音)Articulatoryphonetics:thestudyofhowspeechsoundsaremade,orarticulated.(发音语音学)Acousticphonetics:dealswiththephysicalpropertiesofspeechassoundwavesintheair.(听觉语音学)Auditory(orperceptual)phonetics:dealswith
15、theperception,viatheear,ofspeechsounds.(声学语音学)B Organsofspeech(发音器官)Voiceless:清冃音whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Voiced(Voicing):浊音whenthevocalcords声带aredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedpushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Allt
16、heEnglishvowels兀音aretypicallyvoiced(voicing).Theimportantcavities:Thepharyngealcavity咽腔Theoralcavity口腔Thenasalcavity鼻腔其他部位:Lips唇1,teeth齿2,teethridge(alveolus)齿龈3,hardpalate硬腭4,softpalate(velum)软腭5,uvula小舌6,tipoftongue舌尖7,bladeoftongue舌面8,backoftongue舌后9,vocalcords声带10C Orthographicrepresentationofspeechs