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1、状语(adverbial)是句子的重要修饰成分。状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分，它附 加在谓语中心语的前面，从情况、时间、处所、方式、条件、对象、肯定、否定、 范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制。在英语中，状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分。状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴 随状况等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。 其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。副词是一种用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或全句的词，说明时间，地点，程度，方式等概念。1副词一般在句子中做状语.He speaks Englis
2、h very well.他英语说得非常好.中的very是程度副词，用来修饰 well。very well是修饰speak的程度状语。2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。I come specially to see you我专门来看你 .3. 介词短语Ten years ago, She bega n to live in Dalia n.十年前，她开始住在大连。The boy was praised for his bravery.4. 从句作状语When she was 12 years old, she bega n to live in Dalia n.If I am not busy
3、 tomorrow, I will play football with you.5. 分词作状语Havi ng had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。In hibited in one direct ion, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take ano ther.状语简介概述状语与定语相同的地方是，都是前者附加成分；不同的地方是，它是谓语里的附加成分，而定语是主语或宾语里的附加成分.从句子的层次上看，状语是在第二个层次和第三个层次里的 成分,有时甚至
4、是更低层次的成分.状语的构成状语的构成经常充当状语的有形容词，副词，时间处所名词，能愿动词，指示代词，以及方位短语，介词短语，动宾短语，谓词性联合短语，谓词性偏正短语，谓词性主谓短语等含有动量词的 数量短语以及重叠式的数量短语（不论动量，物量）也可以充当状语此外,少数名词带上表比况的助词也可以作状语状语的书面标志一一地”状语的书面标志是结构助词地状语后面带或者是不带地，情况比较复杂一般讲来，数 量短语，主谓短语，动宾短语等作状语时，大都带地”;而介词短语，方位短语，能愿动词，时间处所 名词作状语 时不能带地，副词，单音节形容词作状语一般也不带 地.多层状语如果一个中心语前面有好几个状语（多层状
5、语），那就应当注意它们的语序多层状语的状语个数一般比多层定语的定语个数要少些，其语序也比多层定语的语序要灵活一些多层状语的一般语序：a表时间的名词或方位短语，介词短语；b.副词.c表处所的介词短语或名词，方位短语；d.表情态的形容词或谓词短语；e表对象的介词短语.其中副词的位置较为灵活，也可放置在第三项之后.一般状语和句首状语状语在句子中有两种位置：一种是在主语之后，谓语中心之前，如上文所举各例，这是状语 的一般位置；另一种是放在主语的前面的，这是状语的特殊位置，这种状语可称”句首状语.状语的分类状语按其修饰的功能不同可分为八大类：时间状语，地点状语，条件状语，原因状语，目的状语，结果状语，让
6、步状语和比较状 语时间状语从句要点：时间状语从句，由以下 连词引导：when , while, as,after , before, as soon as since , till /until by the time 在时间状语从句中，要注意 时态一致。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。1. when当.的时候Mozart started writi ng music whe n he was four years old.2. while当.时He visited a lot of places while he was traveli ng.3. as在.的同时；一边 一
7、边.He smiled as he stood up.4. after 在.之后He left the classroom after he had fini shed his homework the other day.5. before 在.之前Mr. Brow n had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.6. as soon as 一 .就 （ scarcely/hardly.whe n,nosoonertha n,themi nute/mome nt,on/upo n, directly 等等）We bega n to
8、work as soon as we got there.I will write to you as soon as I get home.7. since自以来到现在表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前（说话时间）为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.（还可以用作介词，本句从句还可以用短语：since three years ago自三年前以来）表示。）8 till /un til都可以作连词，连接时间状语，也可以作介词，与其它
9、词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。They walked till /un til it was dark.Xiao Ming didn t leave hoh/eintil his father came back.9. by the time到.为止（所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时）By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.By the time I got to school, the class had already began.一. 由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如：When you th
10、i nk you know nothing, the n you beg in to know someth ing. 当你以为自己一无所 知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。When truth is buried un der the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它 感到压抑，它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！St
11、rike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim.我游泳的时候，请你照看一下我的衣服。You can feel the air movi ng as your hand pushes through it.当你的手在空气中挥动的时候， 你就能感觉到空气在流动。Our headmaster laughed as she spok我们的校长边谈边笑。a .when, while和 as 的区别when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。 并且when有时表示就在那时”。
12、When she came in, I was eating.（瞬时动词）When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.（延续性的动词）While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或 者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如：While my wife was readi ng the n ewspaper, I was watch ing TV. （was readi ng是延续性的动词， was reading禾口 was watching 同时发生）I l
13、ike playing football while you like playing basketball.（对比）b, As表示“一边一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如：We always sing as we walk.as表示“一边一边”）As we was going out, it began to snow. （as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不 强调开始下雪的特定时间）c, as whe n while 的辨析as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生，三者差异如下：表示“一边。一边的意思as强调
14、两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时用于发生时间较段时d when1还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作”之前或之后发生。2、when=and then; at that moment （正在那个时候 ）3常用于常见搭配中e while1用于时间较长时2、强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时有时这三个连词可以互换，有时不可以。lt was raining hard when （as） I got there.（动作同时发生，when 可换为 as,但不能换为while，因为get是点动词.）When I had read the article, he called me.（从句动作发生在主句之
15、前，注意时态表达，只能用 when ）When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.（从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意时态）He was about to leave, whe n the teleph one ran g.（ 此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达“正在”“即将”.while, as不能代替She thought I was talk ing about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talk ing about my daughter.（表 转折，对比，when, as都不能代替它）While the alie n was buying a souve nir, the girl called the police表 示主句，从句的动作同时发 生，while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时 间）Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especia
