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1、PART 3 About Drilling TechLesson 1Basic Drilling Technology1.1 History and Drilling EnvironmeatsThe history of oilwell drilling technology is studded with the familiar names of Colonel E. L. Drake, Captain Anthony Lucas, and “Spindletop.” However, the rapid development and commercial applications of
2、 rotary drilling in the early 1900s were preceded by the work of many individuals from many different countries. Table 1.1 shows some of the important milestones that have been recorded in the history of modern drilling technology.The early need for water and salt prompted the Chinese to develop a p
3、ercussion-type drilling apparatus to replace the practice of digging wells by hand. Although improvements were made to this concept over a long time period, other individuals eventually conceived of methods for boring a hole into the earth and flushing out the cuttings, as opposed to beating the roc
4、k into pieces and bailing out the particles. The emergence of a commercial use for petroleum in the mid-1800s accelerated the development of equipment and techniques used to drill for oil. Although the percussion, or cabletool, method of alternately lifting and dropping a heavy iron bit remained pop
5、ular in the American northeast for a long while, the rotary drilling rig, introduced in the American midcontinent, gradually became the most widely used method worldwide. Since its acceptance in the early 1900s, the turning bit has drilled close to ten billion feet of hole, enough to penetrate the E
6、arth from pole to pole over two hundred times. In the search for hydrocarbons, drilling technology has been constantly called upon to adapt to new and harsher surface and subsurface environments.1.1.1 Surface EnvironmentsDrilling for hydrocarbons is undertaken practically any-where that potential re
7、servoir rock exists. Petroleum occurs in varying amounts on all continents and in all geologic systems, from Precambrian to Recent (Levorsen 1967). Although the fact that exploration efforts are confined to sedimentary basins decreases the potential exploration area somewhat, drilling locations stil
8、l include almost every conceivable surface environment on the globe.Surface environments of oilwell drilling locations can be categorized as either onshore or offshorealthough in certain soggy parts of Louisiana the distinction is rather difficult!Table 1.1 Rotary drilling history. Data from Baroid
9、petroleum Services Diversion of NL Industries Inc., Baroid Manual of Drilling Fluids Technology(1979). Berger and Anderson 1978, and Dodds 1977Ancient Times Wells dug by hand, this practice continued in Burma until the 1900s.250 B. C.Chinese use percussion drilling to drill wells for salt water, usi
10、ng derricks, tubing, bits, and cemented bamboo casing.1808Ruffner brothers of West Virginia use a “spring pole” percussion-drilling apparatus to “kick down” a well. The drillers attach a cable and bit to a flexible sapling secured as a lever over a fulcrum. After using their own weight to bend the p
11、ole and drop the bit into the hole, they allow the spring pole to lift the bit back.up.1829Steam is used lo operate improved cable tool equipment that utilizes derricks, engines, and fishing tools to retrieve lost bits.1844An Englishman named Robert Beart invents a drilling machine that includes a H
12、ydraulic swivel, hollow drlling rods, and circulating fluid.1845A French engineer named Fauvelle drills a water well near Perpignan, France, using a set of hollow boring rods to allow pumped water to flush excavated material from the hole.1848August Beer, an Austrian professor, suggests the possibil
13、ity of drilling by a rotary method.1859Using cable-tool percussion drilling equipment, Col. E. L. Drake completes the first commercial oil well in America, at a depth of 69 ft.1860A French civil engineer named Leschocuses a power-driven, diamond-studded rotary drill.1866A patent is granted for a “st
14、one drill” that includes a hollow driUstem, a roller bit, and a fluid-conducting swivel.1869A patent is granted on a special type of offshore drilling rig. Another inventor receives a patent on a rotary table with a beveled gear drive,1880sEuropean oil well drillers, using versions of Fauvelles wate
15、r-flushed drilling tools, drill wells in Alsace and Baku.1882The Baker brothers begin using rotary equipment to drill for water in South Dakota to depth of 500 ft.1888The Bakers move their equipment to Corsicana, Texas, where it becomes popular.1893W. B. Sharp drills for oil with a rotary rig near B
16、eaumont; his well is abandoned at 418 ft.1897P. Higgins unsuccessfully drills for oil near Beaumont and then hires Anthony Lucas.1900-1901Anthony Lucas and the HamiU brothers drill the discovery well at the Spindletop Field near Beaumont, Texas, using rotary drilling equipment from Corsicana. The well flows 100,000 BOPD from 1040 ft and rotary drilling is on its way.1909Howard Hughes invents the rot
