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1、第1讲 名词与主谓一致（要点透析）名词一、名词的数 在熟悉名词单数变复数规则的基础上，突出以下几点： 1. 注意以下名词数的概念 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词), 如： physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news, the United States 总称名词：表示一类事物的总称，不能加s，如：machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence 单数和复数形式表达不同的意思，如：fish 鱼肉f
2、ishes 各种鱼paper 纸papers 试卷water 水waters 水域room 空间rooms 房间time 时间times 时代arm 手臂arms 武器形式上虽是单数，但表示的是复数含义，如：people, police, cattle, staff, public, the adj., the 分词2. 集体名词的数 family，team，audience，class，club，committee，crowd, group, enemy, cattle, government, majority, minority, part, people, police, public
3、, staff等集体名词注意其主谓一致，一般来说，视为整体时作单数看待，侧重其成员时则作复数看待。The enemy has suffered heavy losses.The enemy are in flight.3. 单复数同形的名词 a某些动物名称fish, deer, sheepb某国人的名词Chinese, Japanese, Swissc其他means, species, works, offspring 4. 由连字符构成的复合名词的“数”： 合成名词的复数形式通常只将其中的主体名词变成复数： lookerson 参观者sonsinlaw 女婿editorsinchief 主编
4、 shoemakers 鞋匠 firemen 消防员 chairwomen 女主席如果没有主体名词，在最后一个词的词尾加s: gobetweens 中间人 grownups 成人followups 续集 goodfornothings 饭桶 man, woman作定语时，定语和被修饰词都变成复数： manservantmenservants5不规则名词的“数”： woman women child childrenox oxen tooth teethgoose geese foot feetmouse mice phenomenon phenomenaanalysis analyses 6.
5、 专有名词的“数” 史密斯一家人 the Smiths两个玛丽 two Marys 【疑难点击】1. 有些物质名词表示不同种类或表示“一种，一杯/罐/瓶”等数量意义时，可用作可数名词。It was a special tea. She bought us three coffees. 2. 抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念，一般不可数，前面一般不加不定冠词，但表示具体或特定时，前面应有不定冠词。Theres a beauty in simplicity.After a brief peace, war broke out again.二、名词所有格 英语中许多名词可以加s来表示所有关系，带这种词尾
6、的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，意为“的”。如：a teachers book, a twenty minutes walk, ten miles journey, two pounds weight, ten dollars worth, the moons rays。名词所有格的规则如下： 名词词尾加s，如the boys bag, mens room。 若名词已有复数词尾s, 只加 ，如：the workers struggle。of 属格：无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our
7、country, the color of the flowers。【疑难点击】1. 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示“分别有”；只有一个s，则表示“共有”。 Johns and Marys rooms(两间)John and Marys room(一间) 2. 省略格：在表示店铺、教堂、诊所或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词。在诊所at the doctors在我姐家at my sisters 【疑难点击】3. 双重格：of 名词s。I saw a play of Shaws.注意：当of 之前的名词是picture, portrait等词时含义不同：This is a
8、 picture of my friends. 这是我朋友收藏的一幅画。This is a picture of my friend. 这是我朋友的一张照片。三、名词作定语 某些名词可以用作定语修饰后面的名词。表示类别、处所、材料、时间、功能、用途等名词作定语时通常要用单数形式。paper flower 纸花 cotton goods 棉织品orange juice 橘汁 credit card 信用卡少数名词可以用复数形式作定语。sports meeting 运动会clothes shop 服装店customs officer 海关人员sales manager 销售经理主谓一致 一、意义(
9、语法)一致原则只要确定句子的主语是单数意义，则谓语用单数，句子的主语意义复数，则谓语用复数。具体表现如下：1. 不可数名词作主语，一律视为单数。某些以s结尾的单数名词作主语，仍视为单数。No news is good news.His task was to collect information.How much machinery has been installed?2. 表示单一概念的动名词、不定式或句子作主语时，谓语动词用单数。When and where to go for the onsalary holiday has not been decided yet.3. “ one
10、, either, neither, each of 复数名词或代词”作主语时， 谓语用单数。Either of the stories is very funny. 4. something, everything, anything, nothing，somebody, nobody, no one 等不定代词作主语，谓语通常是单数。Nothing is impossible.5. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语，通常看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。Ten pounds was missing from the box.6. a series of, a kind of,
11、a piece of, a pair of 等量词修饰名词，通常以量词的单复数形式来决定谓语的单复数。 This pair of glasses is very expensive.Two series of new stamps have been ordered. 7. a number of 复数名词，“许多”，复数意义；the number of 复数名词，“的数目”，单数意义。the population of“的人口数量”作主语时，谓语用单数，但如果是分数、百分数、half of, the rest of the population 作主语时，具体指其中的多少人，复数意义，谓语则
12、用复数。the average of“的平均数量”，作主语时，谓语用单数。The number of the students in our school is quite large and a number of teachers work hard.The population of China is large and most of the population are farmers.8. 主语后with, together with, along with, except, besides, as well as 等短语时，谓语动词的数要和这些短语前面的名词的单复数保持一致。(因
13、为with等词为介词，其后跟的名词只能是介宾，不可能充当主语。)Mr. Green together with his children goes to the park every Sunday.9. “the adj.”结构指一类人时，谓语动词用复数；如果指个别人或表示抽象的概念，谓语动词用单数。The disabled are well taken care of in this country.The dead in this accident was 20, a girl from Nanjing University. The new is certain to replace t
14、he old.10. 分数、百分数、all, some, the rest, half of, most of, part of 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据其指代的含义确定。The rest of the workers are still very tired.11. 当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时，应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。另外，当and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时，其实是指两种不同的事物，主语则应该看作是复数， 那么谓语动词也应该用复数。War and peace is a constant theme in history.
15、 Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality.英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有：iron and steel 钢铁law and order 治安bread and butter黄油面包a watch and chain 一块带链的表a knife and fork 一副刀叉a coat and tie 一件配有领带的上衣aim and end 目的truth and honesty 真诚12. what 引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要取决于作表语的名词的单复数。What surprised me most was his attitude towards his study.13. such 作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式要根据其意义而定。Such is Stephen Hawking, who has suffered a great deal but achie
