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1、稻草纤维和废蚕丝非织造布农用地膜的研制与性能研究 安徽农业大学 硕士学位论文稻草纤维和废蚕丝非织造布农 IM用地膜的研制与性能研究姓名：缪宏超申请学位级别：硕 士专业：特种经济动物饲养 指导教师：黄晨20080601摘 要自70年代末我国从日本引进地膜覆盖技术以来，地膜 在我国获得了迅速的发展。目前在我国地膜覆盖面积约在 1 4 0 0万公顷以上，用量已达10 0多万吨。预计到20 10年，全国地膜覆盖面积将超过2000万公顷。由于 目前使用的大多数地膜为聚乙烯或 聚氯乙烯地膜，不易降 解，并且具有毒性，残留在土壤中的碎片不能被土壤微生物 降解，也不能被作物吸收利用。在我国农村，每年都有大 量
2、的秸秆产生，农民通常都是用焚烧的办法处理这些秸 秆， 但大量的焚烧带来了空气污染，严重影响了环境。本研究主 要利用秸秆提取纤维 并用非织造技术生产农用地膜，讨论 了无污染、全降解地膜的原料选取、配比方案及对田间性能 的测试，综合分析得出最佳方案为：废丝量为4.0 2 9 / m2，平方米克重为80g/m2，粘合剂浓度为8%。制 成的样品主要性能为：横向断裂强度为3 5 14，纵向断 裂强度为3 2N，厚度为0.2 6 4 1 mm，透湿率为23 4 6 g/m2h，回潮率为5.6%。将以上地膜进行田 间覆盖实验，并与普通塑料地膜进行对比。保温试验表明， 天然纤维非织造地膜有较好的保温性，略低于
3、塑料地膜。进 行土壤保温性能的实验表明，天然非织造布地膜有较好的保 温性，对表层土壤的最大增温可达3.6P，增温效果岁土 壤深度的增加而减小，白天的增温效果好子晚上，环境温度 高的增温效果好于环境温度低的增温效果。非织造布地膜的 增温效果没有塑料地膜好，但差异不大，在农业生产中不影 响使用。保湿试验证明，非织造布地膜覆盖后能减少土壤 水分蒸发量，比露天少，有明显的保湿作用。保湿实验证明， 非织造布地膜覆盖后能减少水分的蒸发量，在土壤基础含水 率为26.7%的情况下，覆盖非织造布地膜土壤的含水量 减少7.5%，比塑料地膜的5.2%略小，具有明显的保 湿作用。土壤降解试验证明，秸秆纤维农业地膜在自
4、然状 态下能发生降解，土埋30天后，地膜发生降解，土埋40 天后，降解率十分明显，通过扫描电镜图像可看出秸秆纤维 从束状分解成多根单纤维，有大部分的纤维消失。红外光谱 吸收图表明纤维大分子链发生断裂，大分子有解聚现象发 生。在完全降解前，地膜会分解成散纤维状态，不会因为片 状结构而造成土壤板结。因为地膜中含有废蚕丝而且稻草 纤维中含有大量的钾元素，所以地膜的部分降解产物能提高 土壤的氮和钾元素的含量，在非织造布地膜被土埋30天 后，土壤的全氮含量增加10%。全钾含量增加O. 17%； 土埋4 0天后全氮量增加1 .5%，全钾量增加0. 22%。 实验表明，天然纤维的非织造布地膜与普通塑料地膜相
5、比， 前者厚度较大，透气透湿性较好，且有较好的保温、保熵作 用，但效果较后者略差。但从降解性及解决大量焚烧产生的 空气污染方面，普通塑料地膜不能降解而非织造布地膜可以 完全降解。但非织造布地膜的制造成本较高，影响其推广。 关键词：地膜，非织造布，稻草秸秆，废蚕丝，降解II A bstract The mulching plasti c technology has obtained t he rapid development in our country since We intoducted this technology from Japan from the late 1970s.At
6、 prese nt in Our country mulching p lastic cover areas approxim ately above 14，000，000 hect ares，the amount used has amo unted to more than 1 00 ten t housand tons.lt is estimate d that to 20 1 0，the national mulching plastic cover area will surpass 20，000，000 hec tares.As a result of the use of maj
7、ority mulching plasti c for polyethylene or polyv inylchloride mulching pla Stic at present,they are not easy to degrade and hai the toxicity,the remains cannot degrade in the soil for frag ment by the edaphon,and also cannot absorpted by the cro ps. In Our country countrysi de,there are many straw
8、stal k producted every year,the f armers usually deal these s traw stalk、）I,im burning.Bu t massive burning have brou ght the air pollution,influ ence environment seriousl y.This article mainly use th e straw stalk to extraction textile fiber and use them t o make nonwovens for agricu ltural film.Di
9、scussedthe se lection of raw material the ratio of the programme and t he performance of field tes ts for the pollutionfree,f ull degradation film.The ge neralized analysis obtains the preferredplan is：The wa ste silk quantity is 4.02 g/ m2,square Mick is again 80 g /m2,the bonddensity is 8%.T he sa
10、mple main performance is：The transverse failure i ntensity is 3 5N,thelongitu dinal breaking strength is 32N,thickness is 0.2641 rnm, the soak rate is 2 3 4 6 egm2h, the regain is 5. 6%. Carries o n the field the above mulchi ng plastic to the cover expe riment,and carries Oilthe c ontrast with the
11、ordinary p lastic mulching plastic.Theheat preservation experimentindicated that the natura 1 fiber must weaves the mulc hing plastic to have the goo d heatpreservation,s1ight1 y is lower than the plastic mulching plastic.Carries on the soil heatpreservation p erformance the experiment t o indicate
12、that the natural supatex fabricmulching pla stic has the good heat prese rvation,may reach to the sur face layer soilsbiggest wa rming 3.6”C,the wanning eff ect year old depth of soil i ncreases reduces,daytimeS warming effect good in even ing,ambient temperature hi 曲 warming effect goodin ambie nt
13、temperature low warming effect.The supatex fabric m ulching plastics warmingef feet does not have the plast ic mulehing plastie to be go od,but the difference is not big,does not affect the use in the agricultural product ion. Moisturizer experiment proof that after supatex fa bric mulching plastic
14、cove r,the filmCan reduce the soi l moisture transpiration ra te,compared to open-air few, has the obviousmoisturizer function.l 1圮 moisturizer ex periment proved that after supatex fabric mulching III plastic cover)call reduce t he moisture content the tra nspiration rate,in the soil foundationmois
15、ture content is in 26.7%situations,the c over supatex fabric mulchin g plastic soilSwater conte nt reduces 75%,5.2%is slig htly smaller than the plast ic mulching plastic,hasthe obvious moisturizer functi on. The soil degeneration ex periment proof that the str aw stalk textile fiber agri culturemul
16、ching plastic Ca n have the degeneration und er the natural state,the ear th buries 30 dayslater,the m ulching plastic has the deg eneration,the earth buries 4 0 days later,thedegenerati on rate is very obvious,may see the straw stalk textile fiber through the scanninge lectron microscope image fr om to tie the shape to decom pose Cheng Duogen the singl etextile fiber,has majority textile fiber vanishing.Theinfrared spectrum absorpti on chartindicated that the textile
