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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sector clerical worker, most of whom are women, were somewhat limited. The factors favoring unionization drives seem to have been either the presence of large numbers of workers, as in New York City, to make i
2、t worth the effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy. Receptivity to unionization on the workers, part was also a consideration, but when there were large numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only unorganized g
3、roup in a jurisdiction, the multi-occupational unions would often try to organize them regardless of the workers initial receptivity. The strategic reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off unionized against nonunionized workers, and, second, on th
4、e conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the legislature. In localities where clerical workers were few in number, were scattered in several workplaces, and expressed no interest in being organized, unions more often than not ignored them
5、 in the pre-1975 period.But since the mid-1970s, a different strategy has emerged. In 1977, 34 percent of government clerical workers were represented by a labor organization, compared with 46 percent of government professionals, 44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and 41 percent of govern
6、ment service workers. Since then, however, the biggest increases in public-sector unionization have been among clerical workers. Between 1977 and 1980, the number of unionized government workers in blue-collar and service occupations increased only about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupa
7、tions the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers in particular, the increase was 22 percent.What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers? First, more women have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them plan to remain working until retirement
8、 age. Consequently, they are probably more concerned than their predecessors were about job security and economic benefits. Also, the womens movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and political activism of women of their own behalf, thereby producing a more positive attitude toward unio
9、ns. The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical worker, however, identifies the primary catalyst - the structural change in the multi-occupational public-sector unions themselves. Over the past twenty years, the occupational distribution in these unions has b
10、een steadily shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly white-collar. Because there are far more women in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of female members has accompanied the occupational shift and has altered union policy-making in favor of organizing women and addre
11、ssing womens issues.1.According to the passage, the public-sector workers who were most likely to belong to unions in 1977 were（ ） .2.The author cites union efforts to achieve a fully unionized work force (line 1115) in order to account for why（ ）.3.The authors claim that, since the mid-1970s, a new
12、 strategy has emerged in the unionization of public-sector clerical workers (line 19) would be strengthened if the author（ ）.4.According to the passage, in the period prior to 1975, each of the following considerations helped determine whether a union would attempt to organize a certain group of cle
13、rical workers EXCEPT（ ） .5.The author states that which of the following is a consequence of the womens movement of recent years?6.The main concern of the passage is to（ ） .7.The author implies that if the increase in the number of women in the work force and the impact of the womens movement were t
14、he main causes of the rise in unionization of public-sector clerical workers, then（ ） .8.The author suggests that it would be disadvantageous to a union if（ ） .9.The author implies that, in comparison with working women today, women working in the years prior to the mid-1970 have showed a greater te
15、ndency to （ ）.问题1选项A.professionalsB.managersC.clerical workersD.service workers问题2选项A.politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizingB.public-sector unions have recently focused on organizing womenC.early organizing efforts often focused on areas where there were large numbers of work
16、ersD.unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of the workers initial interest in unionization问题3选项A.described more fully the attitudes of clerical workers toward labor unionsB.compared the organizing strategies employed by private-sector unionsC.explained why politicians and administrators sometimes oppose unionization of clerical workersD.showed that the factors
