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1、考研考博-考博英语-辽宁大学模拟考试题含答案1. 翻译题Population growth often increases poverty and causes migration in the search for new farmland. In a country where arable land is scarce, poor farmers are often associated with environmental degradation. It is estimated that about 85 percent of the rural poor reside in deg
2、raded areas. Continued population growth places further pressure on the existing capacity of the land, forcing farmers to cultivate their crops in higher and steeper areas. The challenge is to find sustainable agricultural production systems and nonagricultural strategies that would generate gainful
3、 employment and income for the rural poor.It is widely recognized that poverty alleviation is imperative if sustainability is to be achieved. A number of policies and associated public expenditures have been directed towards poverty alleviation, with varying levels of success. Some poverty alleviati
4、on policies may have an impact on the environment or create an incentive system that works against the environment. A recent study showed that government spending on roads has had the biggest impact on rural poverty reduction, and that the impact of road construction is almost twice that of governme
5、nt spending on agricultural research and development, education, rural development and irrigation also have positive but lesser impact on rural poverty reduction. However, spending on fertilizers and other subsidies was not taken into account in the study. That roads are an important part of infrast
6、ructure and have the greatest impact on poverty reduction is not contested here. However, the environmental implications of expanding road networks should be noted. Poverty-stricken populations are sometimes located near biodiversity-rich areas and tend to depend on this common pool of resources for
7、 their livelihood. Lack of access is a common on characteristic of both poverty and biodiversity. As access improves, the poverty situation tends to lessen because of better access to education, health services and income-generating opportunity.【答案】【参考译文】人口增长通常会加重贫困，并导致以寻找新耕地为目的的人口迁移。在一个耕地缺乏的国家，贫困的农
8、民经常被与环境恶化联系在一起。据估计大约百分之八十五的农村贫困人口居住在环境恶化的地区。持续的人口增长为现有的土地生产力带来进一步的压力，进而迫使农民在更高和更陡峭的地方种植粮食。创建可持续性的农业生产体系、制定可以为农村贫困人口创造有报酬的就业机会和收入的非农业策略成为了一种挑战。人们普遍认识到，实现可持续发展需要有扶贫工作的支持。一些政策和相关的公共支出已经指向扶贫，且取得了不同程度的成功。其中部分扶贫政策可能会对环境构成影响，或者会形成一种对环境不利的激励制度。最近的调查显示，政府在道路建设上的支出对缓解农村贫困有着最大的影响，且道路建设所产生的影响几乎是政府在农业研发、教育和农村发展上
9、的支出所带来的影响的两倍，另外，灌溉对减少农村贫困也有积极但却较少的影响。然而，该研究没有将有关肥料和其他补贴的支出考虑在内。毋庸置疑，道路是基础设施的一个重要部分且对减少贫困有最大的影响。但是，扩大道路网对环境影响也不容忽视。贫困人口有时处于靠近生物多样性丰富的地区且倾向于依靠这种共同的资源来生存。缺乏道路是贫困和生物多样性的常见特点。随着道路的改善，贫困情况就会得到缓解，因为有了更好的受教育的机会、更好的健康服务和创收机会。2. 单选题The local government leaders are making every effort to（ ）the problem of pover
10、ty.问题1选项A.abolishB.tackleC.removeD.encounter【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。abolish意“废除，废止(法律、制度、习俗等)”；tackle意为“处理，解决(难题或局面)”；remove意为“移开，拿走”；encounter意为“遭遇，偶遇”。“领导人努力解决问题”更符合逻辑，因此选B。句意：地方政府领导人正在尽一切努力解决贫困问题。3. 单选题At the first glance, a forest appears to be a haphazard collection of trees, shrubs, vines, and flowers
11、.问题1选项A.randomB.totalC.gradedD.synthetic【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。haphazard意为“无秩序的，无计划的”；random“随机的，随意的”；total意为“总计的，全部的，彻底的”；graded意为“分级的”；synthetic意为“合成的”。句意：乍一看，森林似乎是树木、灌木、藤蔓的杂乱无章的组合。4. 单选题The Space Age（ ）in October 1957 when the first artificial satellite was launched, by the Soviet Union.问题1选项A.initiate
12、dB.originatedC.embarkedD.commenced【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。initiate意为“开始，发起，创始”，指首创某事，但并不意味着将某事进行到底；originate意为“起源于，来自，产生”；embark意为“上船，着手，从事”一般开始指新的、困难的会令人激动的事；commence意为“开始发生，开始，着手”，尤指重大的事件及历史时期的开始。句意：1957年10月苏联第一颗人造卫星的发射开启了太空时代。5. 翻译题我国高等教育大众化过程需要更加关注4个问题：理解高等教育规模扩大的本原，加强人文素质教育，平衡优秀与平等的关系，协调大学与政府、市场间的关系。所有
13、这些都要以明析高等教育哲学的一个根本问题为前提，即大学的根本使命和目标如何定位的问题。现代大学一定要使学生和公众都能够理解大学最终和最基本的使命是什么。大学不是提供获利的手段和就业单位的场所，而是要激发他们理性的光辉和力量，培养学生坚持长远地、全面地看待个人、社会与历史的发展所需要的能力。【答案】【参考译文】More attention should be paid to four issues during the massification of Chinese higher education: (1) how to understand the prime cause of the e
14、xpansion of higher education; (2) how to reinforce liberal education; (3) how to balance the relationship between equality and excellence; and (4) how to harmonize the relationship between the university, the government and the market. All these are based on the orientation about the ultimate missio
15、n and goal of universities. Modern universities must make students and the public understand their ultimate mission. A university is not a place where stratagems for profits and opportunities of employment are provided; rather, it should inspire students rationalistic potencies, cultivate their ability to look upon the development of individuals, society and history from a long-term and all-around perspective.6. 单选题Evidence came up that _ speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.问题1选项A.specificB.distinctiveC.explicitD.blunt【答案】A【解析】考查
