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1、Chapter 4 Word Formation1. AffixationAffixation is the process of forming words by adding derivationla affixes to stems. It is also called derivation. Words fromed in this way are derivatives.According to this position affixed occupy in words; affixation falls into two catergories: prefixation Suffi
2、xation1) PrefixationPrefixation is a way of forming new words by adding prefixes to stems. Usually, prefixes do not change the parts of speech of a word. Their chief function is to modify its meaning, although there are exceptions.Prefixes can be divided, based on their meaning, into : negative pref
3、ixes; reversative prefixes; pejorative prefixes; prefixes of degree or size; locative prefixes; prefixes of time and order; number prefixes and miscelaneous prefixes. Negative prefixes:ab- : abnormaldis- : disobeyin- (il-, ir- im-): injustice, illegal, impolite, irregularnon-: non-smokerun-: unwilli
4、ng Reversative prefixes:de-: decentralize dis-: disunite un-: unwrap Pejocative prefixesmal-: maltreatmis-: mistrustpseudo-: pseduo-science Prefixes of degree or sizearch-: archbishopextra-: extra-stronghyper-: hyperactivemacro-: macrocosmmicro-: microcomputermini-: mini-electionout-: outliveover-:
5、overweighsub-: subheadingsuper-: suprefreezesur-: surtaxultra-: ultra-conservativeunder-: underdeveloped Prefixes of orientation and attitudeanti-: anti-nuclearcontra-: contraflowpro-: pro-student Locative prefixesextra-: extracellularfore-: foreheadinter-: intercityintra-: intra-party: Prefixes of
6、time and orderex-: ex-wifefore-: foretellre-: reconsider Number prefixesmono-: monologuebi-: bicycletri-: tiranglequadra (quadri): quadrupedpenta-: pentagonhexa-: heagonhepta-: Heptathlonocta (octo)-: octopusnona-: nonagondeca-:decadesemi- (hemi-): semicirclemulti-: multi-pupose Miscellaneous prefix
7、esauto-: autobiographyneo-: neo-Nazipan-: pan-Europe2) SuffixationSuffixation is the process of forming new words by adding suffixes to the end of stems.The chief role of a suffix is not to modify the meaning of a stem, rather to change the grammatical function of a stem,though there are a fes excep
8、tions.Suffixes can be divided into noun suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes and verb suffixes.2. Compounding1) DefinitionCompounding is a process of word formation by which two or more stems are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called a compound.2) Characterist
9、ics of compounds Phonetic featuresThe word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element, while in a free phrase, the second element is usually stressed. If a compound has two stresses, it is the first element that receives the primary stress. Semantic featureThe meaning of a compound is a
10、 semantic unity, which, usually is not the total sum of all the meanings of the constituent words in a compound. Grammatical featureA compound usually plays a single grammatical role in a sentence.3. Conversion1) Definition Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one part of
11、speech to the words of another part of speech, without changes in morphological structures. Words created are new only in a grammatical sense.2) Types of conversion Coversion to Nounsa. verb to nounb. adjective to nounc. miscellaneous conversion Conversion to Verbsa. noun to verbb. adjective to verb
12、c. miscellaneous conversion3) Semantic features of conversion Verb to nounThe new words obtained through conversion are usually related to the original words in the following ways:state of mind or sensationevent or activityresult of the actiondoer of the actiontool or instrument to do the action wit
13、hplace of the action Noun to verbto put in or on Nto give N or to provide with Nto remove N fromto do with Nto be or act with as Nto make or change into Nto send or go by N Adjective to noun (full conversion, partial conversion)Words fully converted : a noun converted from an adjective has all the c
14、haracteristics of nouns. It can take an identical article or (e)s.Words partially converted: do not posses all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles. They retain some of the adjective features. Words of this class generally refer to a group of the kind.4. Blend
15、ing1) Definiton Blending is the fomation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word3) Categories of blendinghead + tail: botel= boat + hotel, autocide, motel, slurb, cremains, chunnelhead+ head: sitcom= situation + comedy, telex, comsat, Amerindhead + word: Eurasian= Europe + Asian, medicare, telequiz, autocampword + tail: lunarnaut= lunar + astronaut, bookmobile, workfare, tourmobileThe overwhelming majority of blends are nouns, very few are verbs and adjectives are even
