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1、2022年考博英语-清华大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题These changes have not been sufficient to（ ）the losses.问题1选项A.stemB.stimulateC.causeD.compensate【答案】D【解析】语义题。空格填人的词应与sufficient词义相近。因此D项compensate （补偿，报酬）符合要求。2. 单选题The terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a jarring reminder that in todays world, you n
2、ever know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger a visceral response no matter how close or far away from home the event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another
3、 as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether its a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects
4、of psychological warfare arent limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. B
5、ut that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? The use of terrorism as a tactic is predicated upon inducing a climate of fear that is incommensurate with
6、the actual threaten, says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what yo
7、u do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person ” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isnt what you do, but its how its covered that determines the effect.” For example, Bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and laste
8、d for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U. S. hostages were eventually released unharmed，but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evenings newscast counted the d
9、ays the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the groups power rather than an individual criminal act. “You dont ha
10、ve the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. Its an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,” says Bulliet. “ The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities. Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in
11、the U. S. Army Reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because its the only tactic they have available to them. “They dont have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They dont have the mighty military power that we have, a
12、nd they only have access to things like kidnapping, says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beheading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy, Haroun
13、tells WebM D. “You havent really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, youve achieved a lot of demoralization.1.Which of the following statements is NOT among the reasons that change the rules
14、of psychological warfare?（ ）2.According to Richard Bulliet, why does publicizing an act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself”?（ ）3.The Iranian hostage crisis shows that（ ） .4.The randomness and the ubiquity of the terrorist acts bring to the public the impression that（ ）.问题1选项A.
15、Break the morale of their opponent.B.Advances in technology.C.The popularity of the Internet.D.Prosperity of media.问题2选项A.Because psychological terrorism is a tactic.B.Because terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threat.C.Because the use of terrorism is to inspire fear th
16、at is more destructive than the actual threat.D.Because publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threa问题3选项A.the impact of psychological terror relies largely on how the acts are publicizedB.there are various ways to have the impact of psychological terrorC.the American media is effectiveD.the ways determin
