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1、Chapter 41.The sentence structure is _. A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical 2.The syntactic rules of any language are _ in number. A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite 3.The _ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. le
2、xicalB. morphological C. linguisticD. combinational 4.A sentence is considered _ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. rightB. wrong C. grammaticalD. ungrammatical 5.A _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embe
3、dded clause. A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator 6.Phrase structure rules have _ properties. A. recursiveB. grammatical C. socialD. functional 7.Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _. A. how words and phrases form sentences. B. what constitutes the grammaticality
4、of strings of words C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. all of the above.8.The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is _.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9.The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to _ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10.The sen
5、tence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a _ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex11.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known
6、 as linguistic competence. 12.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. 13.In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. 14
7、.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15.Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16.In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonl
8、y recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. 17.In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and p
9、hrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19.A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20.It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.21.A _ is a structurally independent unit that usually compr
10、ises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 22.A _ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.23.The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically calle
11、d _.24.A _ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.25.In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an _ clause.26.Major lexical categories are _ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.27.Syntax 28
12、.IC analysis29. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004）30.Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis. 31.Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence: The student wrote a let
13、ter yesterday.Answers:15 DCDDD610 ADDBA1115 TTTTF1620 FTFTT21. sentence 22. subject 23. predicate 24. complex 25. embedded 26. open 27.Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.28.IC ana
14、lysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.29.
15、 An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any
