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1、分词有现在分词（the Present Participle）和过去分词（the Past Participle），在句中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。一、现在分词（一）分词的形式语态时态主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done其否定形式是在doing之前加上not【随时练】1). He ran back home at night, _ (look) behind at times.2). _ (tell) many times, the old man forgot the name of the supermarket
2、.3). _ (not get) well prepared, they decided to put off the meeting.【答案】1)looking 2)Having been told 3)Not having got(二) 分词在句中所做成分分词在句中可作定语、表语、状语、补足语等。1、作定语分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。1）前置定语 He is a promising young man. 他是一个有前途的年轻人。 Make less noise. Theres a sleeping child. 不
3、要出太大声音，有个孩子在睡觉。2）后置定语 The young man running after Jim was the winner in the last year race. 跟在吉姆身后跑的年轻人是去年比赛的冠军。3）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如： Those wishing to see the film star have been waiting for hours. (=Those who wish to see the film star have been waiting for hours.) 想见那个电影明星的人已经等了几个小时。 4）完
4、成体的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如： 我们一般不说：The girl having passed the driving test is a friend of mine. 而常这样说：The girl who has passed the driving test is a friend of mine.5）非限定性的完成体作定语或如果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。如： Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. 任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖品。 Charlie, having lived in Paris f
5、or years, decided to return to London. 在巴黎呆过多年，查理决定重返伦敦。2、作表语现在分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如：What you said is really inspiring. 你所说的真令从鼓舞。类似的现在分词还有：surprising, interesting, exciting, boring, disappointing, confusing, embarrassing, ect.3、作宾语补足语I oftentimes hear a girl singing downstairs. 我有时听到楼下有一个小姑娘在唱歌。现在分词作
6、宾语补足语常在以下情况中出现：1）表示 “致使”动词+宾语+现在分词,例如: to set sb thinking to keep sb waiting to get the clock going to start sb coughing to have sb. crying to leave sb. waiting2) 表示“感觉”动词+宾语+现在分词,例如: to smell sth. burning to watch sb swimming to find sb listening to the recorder 这样的动词还有see, hear, feel, notice, obse
7、rve, look at, listen to等注意：表示 “感觉”的动词,既可以用不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语,又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,但两者有含义上的差别。现在分词作这些动词的宾语补足语,表示动作的进行。4、作状语分词在句中作状语，可以表示各种不同的语义内容。它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。如：1）表示时间 Getting into the train, I fell into sleep. 上了火车，我就睡着了。 表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的现在分词强调时间意义时，分词前可以加上while, when等从属连接 词，但as没有这种用法。如： Dont talk w
8、hile having dinner. 吃饭时不要说话。 When crossing the street, do be careful. 过马路时要小心。2）表示原因 表示原因的分词短语一般置于句首。 Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well. 在伦敦住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。3）表示结果 Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport. 80多个国家都踢足球，因此足球成了一种很流行的运动
9、。4）表示方式 I stood by the door, not daring to look up. 我站在门旁，不敢抬头看。5）表示条件 Once deciding which university to attend, you should find out the admission procedure. 一旦决定上哪所大学，你必须查明录取程序。二、过去分词（一）过去分词的基本用法过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。（二）过去分词在句中所作成分过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该
10、分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：1、作定语过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。如：The stolen painting was found by the police last week.2、作表语过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The window was broken.这个窗户是破的。 注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The window was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语
11、用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。3、作宾语补足语过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：When I o
12、pened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 打开门我发现，地面被落叶覆盖着。I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。注：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的。4、作状语过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as
13、等连词，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）巩固练习1. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C, didnt include women players until 1919.A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played
14、D. to be first playing2. European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world.A. making B. makes C. made D. to make3. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening.A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking4._ a reply, he decided to write again.A. Not receiving B. Receiving notC. Not having received D. Having not received5. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa.A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited答案：CAACA
