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1、2022年考博英语-昆明理工大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题Read the following paragraph carefully and then translate it into English.据财富、种族、教育、地域的不同，计算机的拥有程度和互联网的接入规模有很大差别。数据表明，计算机的拥有程度和互联网的接入规模在最富裕的、教育良好的，即拥有高中和大学文凭的富裕的白人和那些稳定的双亲家庭中增长更迅速。最高收入阶层的家庭，即年收入高于75000美元的家庭访问互联网的可能性是那些低收入阶层，即年收入低于10000美元的家庭的20倍。高收入家庭使用计算机的比例高达7
2、6.56%，但与之相比，低收入家庭只有8%。【答案】According to the differences in wealth, race, education and region, great distance has existed in the ownership of computer and Internet access.The statistics show that the ownership of computer and Internet access have increased rapidly in the most affluent and well-educat
3、ed white people who usually owns high-school and university diploma and stable two-parent families. The possibility of using Internet in the families with the highest income, more than 75,000 dollars, is twenty times as much as that in the families with low income, less than 10,000 dollars. The rate
4、 of using computer in high income families has reached 76.56%, while the rate in low income families has only 8%.2. 单选题War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed thr
5、ough acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being
6、 a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function: It is a strategy for
7、creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed.The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The
8、 more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judg
9、ment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsibl
10、e for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycles of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects t
11、he individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state m
12、akes its most powerful demands upon its people for their recommitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a communitys deepest religious and ethical commitments.1.Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that（ ）.2.The function of legal systems, according to the
13、passage, is（ ）.3.What does the author mean by saying “.in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused” (Lines 5-6, Para. 2)?4.The word “allegiance” (Line 5, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to（ ）.5.What can we learn from the last paragraph?问题1选项A.it threatens the
14、existing social systemsB.it is influenced by societyC.it has roots in religious conflictsD.it is directed against institutions of law问题2选项A.to control violence within a societyB.to protect the world from chaosC.to free society from the idea of revengeD.to give the government absolute power问题3选项A.Leg
15、al systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence.B.Offenses against individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis.C.Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge.D.Punishment is not carried out directly by the individuals involved.问题4选项A.loyaltyB.objectiveC.surviv
16、alD.motive问题5选项A.Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war.B.In times of war governments may extend their power across national borders.C.In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people.D.Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in
