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1、2022年考博英语-湖北省联考考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 翻译题A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend toward “directed” or “programmed” research; i. e. research whose scope and objectives are predetermined by private or government organizations rather than researchers themselves
2、. Any scientist working for such organizations and investigating in a given field therefore tends to do so in accordance with a plan or program designed beforehand.At the beginning of the century, however, the situation was quite different. At that time there were no industrial research organization
3、s in the modern sense; the laboratory unit consisted of a few scientists at the most, assisted by one or two technicians. Nevertheless, the scientist, often working with inadequate equipment in unsuitable rooms, was free to choose any subject for investigation he liked, since there was no predetermi
4、ned program to which he had to conform.As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of the problems to be solved made it impossible, in many cases, for the individual scientist to deal with the huge mass of new data, techniques and equipment that were required for carrying out r
5、esearch accurately and efficiently. The increasing scale and scope of the experiments needed to test new hypotheses and develop new techniques and industrial processes led to the setting up of research groups or teams using highly-complicated equipment in elaborately-designed laboratories. Owing to
6、the large sum of money involved, it was then felt essential to direct these human and material resources into specific channels with clearly- defined objectives. In this way it was considered that the quickest and most practical results could be obtained. This, then, was programmed (programmatic) re
7、search.One of the effects of this organized and standardized investigation is to cause the scientist to become increasingly involved in applied research (development), especially in the branches of science which seem most likely to have industrial applications. Private industry and even government d
8、epartments tend to concentrate on immediate results and show comparatively little interest in long-range investigations.In consequence, there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to the applied field, where there are more jobs available, frequently more highly-paid and with better technical
9、 facilities than jobs connected with pure research in a university.Owing to the interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this system, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for the future of sciencenot only pure science, but applied science as well.【答案】现代科学
10、技术的一个最新现象是:科学研究越来越朝着“有领导的”或“有计划的”趋势发展， 也就是说，研究的范围和目标是由私营机构或政府机构，而不是由研究人员自己事先决定的。随着本世纪时间的推移，有待解决的问题的重要性与日俱增，其复杂性日趋深化。这就使单个的科学家在许多情况下无法处理进行精确而又高效研究所需要的大量新资料、新技术和新设备。因此，科学家不断从纯科学领域转移到应用科学领域，因为这一领域有更多的工作机会。同大学里的纯理论研究工作相比，这些工作的待遇往往更优厚，技术设施也更好。2. 单选题They（ ） their hunting skills for the life of settled far
11、mers.问题1选项A.forsookB.forgedC.sacrificedD.reserved【答案】A【解析】句意:为了过着稳定的农民生活, 他们放弃了狩猎技能。选项A符合句意。3. 翻译题The Englishman has been called a political animal, and he values what is political and practical so much that ideas easily become objects of dislike in his eyes,and thinkers, miscreants, because practic
12、e is everything, a free play of the mind is nothing. The notion of the free play of mind upon all subjects being a pleasure in itself,being an object of desire,being an essential provider of elements without which a nations spirit,whatever compensations it may have for them,must in the long run,die
13、of emptiness,hardly enters into an Englishmans thoughts. It is noticeable that the word curiosity,which in other languages is used in a good sense,to mean, as a high and fine quality of mans nature,just this disinterested love of a play of the mind on all subjects, for its own sakeit is noticeable,I
14、 say,that this word has in our language no sense of the kind,no sense but a rather bad and disparaging one. But criticism, real criticism, is essentially the exercise of this very quality.It obeys an instinct prompting it to try to know the best that is known and thought in the world, irrespectively
15、 of practice,politics,and everything of the kind; and to value knowledge and thought as they approach this best,without the intrusion of any other considerations whatsoever. This is an instinct for which there is,I think, little original sympathy in the practical English nature,and what there was of
16、 it has undergone a long benumbing period of blight and suppression in the epoch of Romanticism.It is of the last importance that English criticism should clearly discern what rule of its course,in order to avail itself of the field now opening to it,and to produce fruit for the future,it ought to take,which may be summed up in one worddisinterestedness. And how is criticism to show disinterestedness?
