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1、名词对应。(Kinesics ) : the nonverbal behavior related to the movement of the body or part of the body.(身势)：非语言行为有关的运起程体肌肤上或局部的身体。(etiquette): it refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and business situations.(礼仪):它指的是礼貌和行为以为是能够接受的，在社会和商业管理硕士学位。(pragmatics) : it is the study of ho
2、w speakers use the language to reach successful communication, and the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors.(语用学):它是研究怎样说话者能够运用语言达到成功的社交，并且该研究结果的语言对人类的观点和行为。(power distance):the degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society.(权益距离):在何种程度上的力
3、量和接受不一样是被希望的社会。(Values): a learned organization of rules for marking choices and for resolving conflicts.(价值观):学会组织的规则为标记的选择和解决矛盾。(reverse culture shock ):it refers to the “shock” one experiences upon returning to one s home culture after growing used to a new one.(反向文化冲击):它指的是“震撼”一经使用后返回到一个新的增加一对一的
4、家居文化体验。(Recovery stage):a stage of culture shock characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture.(恢复期):一阶段的文化冲击获取一些新的文化的理解的特色。(Semantics): it is the study of the meaning of words, a system that relates words to meaning.(语义):这是含义的话，一个系统，波及词意义的研究。(Memo):it is a hard-copy document, used
5、for communicating inside an organization, usually short.(备忘录)：这是一个硬拷贝文件，供组织内，往常短暂交流使用。(proxemics):the study of people s perception and use of space.(空间关系学):人们的见解和空间利用研究。(uncertainty avoidance):the degree to which the society is willing to accept and deal with ambiguity and uncertainty.(不确立性躲避):在何种程度
6、上愿意为社会接受和办理模糊性和不确立性。(Individualism):the degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged by the society.(个人主义):在何种程度上个人决议和行动是社会所接受和鼓舞。(taboos):practices or verbal expressions considered by a society or cultures as improper or unacceptable.(禁忌)：方式或一个社会或文化视为不妥或不行接受的口头表达
7、。(superstitions):beliefs that are inconsistent with the knows laws of science or what society considers to be true and rational.(迷信)：崇奉与科学规律的认识仍是什么社会以为是真切和理性的不一致。(culture shock):this term expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment,
8、 and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.(文化冲击)：这个词表达了缺少方向，在不知道该怎么做或怎样在新的环境的东西，不知道什么是适合或不适合 的感觉。(rejection): a coping mechanism against culture shock in w hich we think we don t need anybody, and we are coping fine alone.(拒绝)：一对文化的冲击中，我们以为我们不需要任何人，我们是很好对付独自对付体制。(customs):they are behavi
9、ors generally expected in specific situations and are established, socially acceptable ways of behaving in given circumstances.(风俗，)：他们广泛估计的详细状况和成立行为，在必定状况下表现为社会接受的方式。(personal territory):it refers to the space that people have for their own activities.（个人领域）：它指的是空间，人们为自己的活动二.正负判断。（F,T）三，名词解说。（一）Hof
10、stedes four cultural dimensions （please provide examples if possible） 霍夫斯泰德的四个文化维度（请供给例子，假如可能的话）答案： mean: Hofstede developed a model that identifies four primary dimensions for diferentiating cluture .is:1. Power Distance :include 1. small power distance cluture. 2. large power distance cluture .2.
11、Individualism Versus Collectivism3. Masculinity versus Femininity4. Uncertainty AvoidanceFor example, the power of the United States views with the views of Arab countries there is a big difference to the U.S. power is not very fancy, they pay more attention to personal ability to play, the pursuit
12、of power to be a lot less than the Arab countries; Arab countries due to national Institutional relations, focusing on the power of binding, thus, the Arab countries, institutions, whether government departments or enterprises are more or less with the power of color.（比方，美国对权益的见解跟阿拉伯国家的见解就存在很大的差别，美国
13、不是很看中权益，他们更着重个人能力的发挥， 对权益的追求比阿拉伯国家要逊色许多；阿拉伯国家因为国家系统的关系，着重权益的拘束力，由此，阿拉伯国 家的机构，不论是政府部门或许公司都多多少少带有权益的色彩。）（二）low context culture （please provide an examples if possible）低语境文化（请供给一个例子，假如可能的话）答案 the low context culture is the listener knows very little and must be told practically everything.低语境文化就是听众知道极少
14、，几乎全部都一定被见告）Example:1: A German, an American, a Japanese to the same restaurant, ordered a hamburger are the result of the negligence of the cook the meat of the three have burned the hamburgers, and asked the three people would say German paste directly criticize the meat, criticized the chef;Ameri
15、cans said that although the meat tastes very good, but bread, salad, shallot taste pretty good;The Japanese would say, bread, salad, onion is delicious.（一个德国人，一个美国人，一个日自己到同一家餐厅，都点了一个汉堡，结果因为厨师的大意把三个汉堡中的肉都烤糊了，问，三个人会对此次说什么：德国人会直接责备这个糊了的肉，责备这个厨师；美国人会说，固然肉的口胃不太好，可是面包，沙拉，香葱的滋味还不错；日自己会说，面包，沙拉，香葱的滋味不错。 ）2.
16、American contracts are usually about ten times longer than French contracts. Americans like to have a lot of the context stated explicity.The French don t care very much about the explanation,as much of the information is takenfor granted.（三）high context culture （please provide an examples if possible）答案：the high context culture is listener is already contex
