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1、Divisionone:GreekcultureandRomanculture希腊、罗马文化I.Greekculture希腊文化1. WhatarethemajorelementsinEuropeancultureTherearetwomainelementstheGreco-RomanelementandtheJudeo-Christianelement.2. WhatwerethemainfeaturesofancientGreeksocietyInGreeksociety,onlyadultmalecitizenhadrealpowerandthecitizenshipwasasetof
2、rightswhichamaninheritedfromhisfather.TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabor.Slavesworkedfortheirmasters.Theexploitationwasaserioussocialproblem.TheGreekslovedsports.TheyoftentookpartinthecontestsofsportsinOlympusMount,thusOlympicGamescameintobeing.3. WhatdidHomerdoWhyisheimportantint
3、hehistoryofEuropeanliteratureHedepictedthegreatGreekmenwholivedintheperiod.andwarshappeningatthattime.Asanauthorofepics,heemployedfineliterarylanguagetodescribewarsandmen,eventhoughtheyweredull.HestoodinthepeekofGreekliteratureandexertedagreatinfluenceonhisfollowers.4. Whoweretheoutstandingdramatist
4、sofancientGreeceWhatimportantplaysdideachofthemwriteAeschylus,SophoclesandEuripideswerethreeoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece.Aeschylus:PrometheusBound,Persians,AgamemnonSophocles:OedipustheKing,Electra,AntigoneEuripides:Andromache,Medea,TrojanWomen5. WeretherehistoriansthenWhoweretheyWhatdideach
5、ofthemwriteaboutYes,thereare.TheywereHerodotusandThucydides.HerodotuswroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.ThucydideswroteaboutthewarbetweenAthensandSpartaandbetweenAthensandSyracuse.6. WouldyousaythatphilosophywashighlydevelopedthenWhowerethemajorphilosophersNo,Iwouldnt.Becausethosephilosophica
6、lideaswereonlyidealismorsimplematerialismormetaphysics.Socrates,PlatoandAristotlewerethemajorphilosophersatthattime.7. DidSocrateswriteanybookHowthendoweknowabouthimWhatdistinguishedhisphilosophyNo,hedidnt.WeknowSocrateschieflythroughwhatPlatorecordedofhiminthefamousDialogueswrittenbyPlato.Heconside
7、redthatphilosophyrestedwiththedissectofoneselfandvirtuewashighworthoflife.Hismethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers,wasknownasthedialecticalmethod.8. TellsomeofPlatosideas.Whydopeoplecallhimanidealist(1) Menhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneral“ideas”,likebeauty,truth,andgoodness.(2)Wes
8、houldnotlookatthethingswhicharenotseen:forthethingswhicharenotseeneternal.Becauseheemphasizedtheimportanceof“ideas”andbelievedthat“thought”hadcreatedtheworld,peoplecallhimanidealist.9. InwhatimportantwayswasAristotledifferentfromPlatoWhataresomeofAristotlesworksthatarestillinfluentialtoday(1) Aristo
9、tleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlatosrelianceonsubjectivethinking.(2)Hethoughtthat“idea”andmattertogethermadeconcreteindividualrealitiesinwhichhedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadhigherrealitythanthepoliticalworld.Hissignificantworksi
10、ncludes:Ethics,PoliticsandRhetoric.10. WhoweresomeoftheotherphilosophersactiveinthatperiodDoestheword“Epicurean”initsmodernsenseconveythetruemeaningofthephilosophyoftheancientEpicureansWhatweretheirviewsonpleasure(1) TheywereHeracleitue,Democritus,Diogenes,Pyrrhon,EpicurusandZeno.(2)No,itdoesnt.Thea
11、ncientEpicureansbelievedpleasuretobethehighestworthoflife,butbypleasuretheymeant,notsensualenjoymentbutthatattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.Butthisideawasmisledbymodernpeople,intheirsense,theword“Epicurean”hascometomeanindulgenceinluxuriousliving.11. SaysomethingaboutGreeksculpture,potteryandarchitectu
12、re.WhatwasthemostfamousGreektempleIsitstillthere(1) AlongwiththeformationofGreekcivilization,Greeksculpture,potteryandarchitecturegotmanygreatachievements.Greeksputintoworksofartthethingstheyadmiredandworshiped,thescientificrulestheydiscovered.Greekartevolvedfromthearchaicperiodtotheclassicalperiodw
13、hichmarkeditsmaturity.(2)themostfamoustemplewastheAcropolisatAthens.(3)Yes,itisstillthere.12. GivesomeexamplestoshowtheenormousinfluenceofGreekcultureonEnglishliterature.Someexamples:(1) AFreudianterm“OedipusComplex”of19thcenturyoriginatingfromaGreektragedyinwhichkingOedipusunknowinglykilledhisfathe
14、randmarriedhismother.(2)Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics:ByronsIsleofGreece,ShelleysHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeatssOdeonaGrecianUrn.(3)Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallelsinthe
15、IrishmanJamesJoycesmodernistmasterpieceUlysses.n.Romanculture罗马文化1. WhatdidtheRomanhaveincommonwiththeGreeksAndwhatwasthechiefdifferencebetweenthem(1)TheRomanshadalotincommonwiththeGreeks.Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly,hostiletomonarchyandtoservility.Theirreligionswerea
16、likeenoughformostoftheirdeitiestobereadilyidentifiedGreekZeuswithRomanJupiter,GreekAphroditewithRomanVenus,andsoonandtheirmythstobefused.Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarwaysandwereultimatelyrelated,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilywhichstretchesfromBangladeshtoIceland.(2) Therewasonebigdifference.TheRomansbuiltupavastempire.TheGreeksdidnt,exceptedforthebriefmomentofAlexandersconquest
