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1、定语从句一、定义在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。从字面上看，定语从句是从属于主句的一个从句，即去掉之后主句仍是完整的句子，并且定语从句本身具有完整的句子成分，即主谓，主谓宾，主谓宾宾补，主系表等。但是由于其从句的 特性，需要有词来引导它。引导定语从句的词叫做关系词，并且始终置于定语从句之首。根 据在定语从句中所做的成分来看，关系词分为两种，关系代词和关系副词。具体见下： 常见关系代词：指代对象人who, whom, that物which, that既有人又有物that定语whose常见关系副词： when, why, where二、关系代词的选用关系代词
2、代替先行词，在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，宾补或表语，即句子的基本成分。如果先行词为人，并且关系代词在定语从句中做主语，那么可以选用 who或者that,如：This is the man who/that helped me.如果先行词为人，并且关系代词在定语从句中做宾语，可以选用 who, whom或者that, 如：The doctor who/whom/that you are looking for is in the room.如果先行词为物，那么可以选用which或者that,如：The building that/which stands near the river is ou
3、r school.whose在定语从句中， 相当于先行词+ ,sof which或者of whom,即whose在定语从句中 做定语，既可以指人又可以指物。如：Do you know the man whose name is John?Do you see the house whose windows are all broken ?但是当whose和of which或者of whom转换时，一定要加上the变成特指，上面两句可 以变成：Do you know the man of whom the name is John?Do you see the house of which th
4、e windows are all broken ?三、关系副词的选用如果定语从句中不缺基本成分，则根据先行词及句意，从 when, why, where三个词中选 择。关系副词在定语从句中做状语，表示时间，地点和原因。如：This is the place where we lived for 5 years .(We lived in the place for five years.) 先行词 指地点，定语从句中不缺基本成分，缺状语I know the reason why he did so.(He did so for the reason.) 先行词指原因，定语从句中不 缺基本成分
5、，缺状语(注意区分 I know the reason that he explained at the meeting.)I remember the day when we met.(We met on the day.) 先行词指时间, 定语从句中不缺基 本成分，缺状语从上述几个例句发现，1.关系副词相当于介词 +先行词，在定语从句中做状语。2.所有的关系副词都可以换成相应的介词+which ,即This is the place in which we lived for 5 years .I know the reason for which he did so.I remember
6、 the day on which we met.四、注意事项1. that 在定语从句中并不是万能的。介词后面的关系代词只能是which 和 whom, 指人的时候用whom,指物的时候用 which,绝对不能出现that。如：Here is the money with which you can buy the book.Nancy is the person on whom you can depend.非限制性定语从句中 that 也不能使用。 (定语从句与主句被逗号隔开的称为非限制性定语从句， 没有逗号隔开的则是限制性定语从句。 非限制定语从句与主句关系较小， 起到解释说明的作用，
7、 去掉对句意影响不大。 限制性定语从句起到限定作用， 去掉后可能会导致主句表意不明。 )如：The moon, which is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth , is very beautiful.My sister, who works in Shanghai , sends me an email almost every day.2. 当先行词既有人又有物的时候，关系代词只能用 that,如：I will never forget the things and people that we met when we were in Nanj
8、ing .3. 关系代词不能用 which ，只能用 that 的情况有：1 )先行词是不定代词 all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything 等。如：All that we have to do is to practice every day.Much that you have read is nonsense.2)先行词被序数词或者形容词最高级修饰。如：The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.This is the most interesting boo
9、k that I have ever read.3 )先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some 等修饰。如：I have read all the books that you gave me.Any paper that you read will give the same story.No man that has common sensecan believe it.4 )先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰。如：He is the only person that I wan
10、t to talk to .This is the very book that I want to buy .4. 当关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中做宾语时，关系代词能够被省略。如：The girl (whom/who/that) you met yesterday lives next door.I ll tell you everything(that) I know.5. the way 后面的定语从句当 the way 后面的定语从句不缺基本成分时，可以用 that/in which/ 省略。如：The way (that/in which) one behaves says wha
11、t type of person she is.6. 关系代词 which 的特别用法which 除了代替先行词在定语从句中做成分之外， 还能代替前面描述的整个或部分句 子。如：He saw the girl, which delighted him .7. 关系代词 as 的特别用法1) as 做关系代词，要区别前面描述的 which, that, who, whom 等，当先行词被 such 或者 so 修饰的时候，关系代词只能用 as, 如：Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.These questions are so di
12、fficult as no one can answer.(区分These questions are so difficult that no one can answer them.)2) as和which 一样也可以代替整个句子，但是差别在于：as 长用在些固定的结构中(as we all know, as is known to all, as is expected, as isoften the case ,有正如的意思，as引导的定语从句位置任意，而 which引导的定语从句只 能出现在其替代的部分后面。如：As is known to all , he is the best
13、student in our class.该句如果用 which 改写的话只能改 成：He is the best student in our class, which is known to all .同步测验：1. On May 12th, many parts of Sichuan were struck by an earthquake, from effects thepeople are still suffering.A. thatB. whoseC. thoseD. what2. （2019 安徽，29）A lot of language learning,has been
14、discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.A . asB . itC. whichD . this3. Do you know the man?A. whom I spokeB. to who spokeC. I spoke to D. that I spoke4. The factory well visit next week is not far from here.A. whereB. to wh
15、ichC. whichD. in which5. Do you know the year the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. whichB. thatC. whenD. on which6. He made another wonderful discovery, A. which I think is B. which I think it isof great importance to science.C. which I think itD. I think is7. Is oxygen the only gasA. thatB. /8. This is the first time helps fire burn?C. which he has been here.D. itA. that9. I dont likeB. when you speak to her.A. the wayB. they way in that10. All that can be eaten eaten up.B. has beenA. are being11. I have bought two
