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1、 Construction EngineeringAbstract: Construction engineering is a specialized branch of civil engineering concerned with the planning, execution, and control of construction operations for such projects as highways, buildings, dams, airports, and utility lines. Planning consists of scheduling the wor
2、k to be done and selecting the most suitable construction methods and equipment for the project. Execution requires the timely mobilization of all drawings, layouts, and materials on the job to prevent delays to the work. Control consists of analyzing progress and cost to ensure that the project wil
3、l be done on schedule and within the estimated cost.Keywords: planning, Execution, Control, Preparation of site, Earthmoving, Foundation treatment, Steel erection, Concrete construction, Asphalt paving and so on.Construction engineering is a specialized branch of civil engineering concerned with the
4、 planning, execution, and control of construction operations for such projects as highways, buildings, dams, airports, and utility lines. Planning consists of scheduling the work to be done and selecting the most suitable construction methods and equipment for the project. Execution requires the tim
5、ely mobilization of all drawings, layouts, and materials on the job to prevent delays to the work. Control consists of analyzing progress and cost to ensure that the project will be done on schedule and within the estimated cost.Planning. The planning phase starts with a detailed study of constructi
6、on plans and specifications. From this study a list of all items of work is prepared, and related items are then grouped together for listing on a master schedule. A sequence of construction and the time to be allotted for each item is then indicated. The method of operation and the equipment to be
7、used for the individual work items are selected to satisfy the schedule and the character of the project at the lowest possible cost.The amount of time allotted for a certain operation and the selection of methods of operation and equipment that is readily available to the contractor. After the mast
8、er or general construction schedule has been drawn up, subsidiary detailed schedules or forecasts are prepared form the master schedule. These include individual schedules for procurement of material, equipment, and labor, as well as forecasts of cost and income.Execution. The speedy execution of th
9、e project requires the project requires the ready supply of all materials, equipment, and labor when needed. The construction engineer is generally responsible for initiating the purchase of most construction materials and expediting their delivery to the project. Some materials, such as structural
10、steel and mechanical equipment, require partial or complete fabrication by a supplier. For these fabricated materials the engineer must prepare or check all fabrication drawings for accuracy and case of assembly and often inspect the suppliers fabrication. Other construction engineering duties are t
11、he layout of the work by surveying methods, the preparation of detail drawings to clarify the design engineers drawings for the construction crews, and the inspection of the work to ensure that it complies with plans and specifications.On most large projects it is necessary to design and prepare con
12、struction drawings for temporary construction facilities, such as drainage structures, access roads, office and storage buildings, formwork, and cofferdams. Other problems are the selection of electrical and mechanical equipment and the design of structural features for concrete material processing
13、and mixing plants and compressed air, water, and electrical distribution systems.Control. Progress control is obtained by comparing actual performance on the work against the desired performance set up on the master or detailed schedules. Since delay on one feature of the project could easily affect
14、 the entire job, it is often necessary to add equipment or crews to speed up the work.Cost control is obtained by comparing actual unit costs for individual work items against estimated or budgeted unit costs, which are set up at the beginning of the work. A unit cost is obtained by dividing the tot
15、al cost of an operation by the number of units in that operation.Typical units are cubic yards for excavation or concrete work and tons for structural steel. The actual unit cost for any item at any time is obtained by dividing the accumulated costs charged to that item by the accumulated units of w
16、ork performed.Individual work item costs are obtained by periodically distributing job costs, such as payroll and invoices to various work item accounts. Payroll and equipment rental charges are distributed with the aid of time cards prepared by crew foremen. The cards indicate the time spent by the job crews and equipment on the different element of the work. The allocation of material costs is based on the quantity of each type of material used for each spec
