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1、2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishIn 1924 Americas National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting_1_ workers product
2、ivity. Instead, the studies ended _2_ giving their name to the Hawthorne effect, the extremely influential idea that the very 3 to being experimented upon changed subjects behavior.The idea arose because of the _4_ behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to _5_ of the experiments, th
3、eir hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not _6_ what was done in the experiment; _7_something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) _8_ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be _9_ to alter workers behavior _10_itself.After several decades, t
4、he same data were _11_ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12_the descriptions on record, no systematic _13_ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have l
5、et to _14_ interpretation of what happed. _15_, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output _16_rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. _18_, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed
6、that output always went up on Monday, workers _19_ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before _20_ a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged Hawthorne effect is hard to pin down.1.A affectedB achievedC extractedD restored2.A atB upC withD off3.A tru
7、thB sightC actD proof4.A controversialB perplexingC mischievousD ambiguous5.A requirementsB explanationsC accountsD assessments6.A concludeB matterC indicateD work7.A as far asB for fear thatC in case thatD so long as8.A awarenessB expectationC sentimentD illusion9.A suitableB excessiveC enoughD abu
8、ndant10.A aboutB forC onD by11.A comparedB shownC subjectedD conveyed12.A contrary toB consistent withC parallel withD peculiar to13.A evidenceB guidanceC implicationD source14.A disputableB enlighteningC reliableD misleading15.A In contrastB For exampleC In consequenceD As usual16.A dulyB accidenta
9、llyC unpredictablyD suddenly17.A failedB ceasedC startedD continued20.A breakingB climbingC surpassingD hittingSection IIReading ComprehensionPart A Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been t
10、he inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most
11、significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the
12、 unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted
13、that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed i
14、n journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers
15、 who are.”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of Englands foremost classical-mu
