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1、2022年考博英语-福建师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Scientists have long argued whether hypocrisy is driven by emotion or by reason. In other moral judgments, brain imaging shows, regions involved in feeling, not thinking, rule the role of emotion in moral judgments has overturned the Enlightenment notion that o
2、ur ethical sense is based on high-minded philosophy and cognition. That brings us to hypocrisy, which is almost ridiculously easy to bring out in people.In a new study, psychologist David DeSteno instructed 94 people to assign themselves and stranger one of two tasks: an easy one or a hard one. Then
3、 everyone was asked, how fairly did you act from “extremely unfairly” (1) to “extremely fairly” (7). Next they watched someone else make the assignments, and judged that persons ethics. Selflessness was a virtual no-show: 87 out of 94 people opted for the easy task and gave the next guy the difficul
4、t one. Hypocrisy, however, showed up with bells on: every single person who made the selfish choice judged his own behavior less strictly on average, 4.5 vs. 3.1 than that of someone else who grabbed the easy task for himself.The gap suggests how hypocrisy is possible. When we judge our own misbehav
5、iors less harshly, DeSteno said, it may be because “we have this automatic, gut-level (本能)instinct to preserve our self-image. In our heart, maybe were just not as sensitive to our own immoral behaviors. People have learned that it pays to seem moral, since it lets you avoid criticism and guilt. But
6、 even better is appearing moral without having to pay the cost of actually being moral such as assigning yourself the tough job.”To test the role of cognition in hypocrisy, DeSteno had volunteers again assign themselves an easy task and a stranger a difficult one. But before judging the fairness of
7、their actions, they had to memorize seven numbers. This tactic keeps the brains thinking regions too tied up to think much about anything else, and it worked: hypocrisy vanished. People judged their own (selfish) behavior as harshly as they did others，strong evidence that moral hypocrisy requires a
8、high-order cognitive process. When the thinking part of the brain is otherwise engaged, were left with gut-level reactions, and we intuitively and equally condemn bad behavior by ourselves as well as others.If our gut knows when we have erred and judges our misbehaviors harshly, moral hypocrisy migh
9、t not be as inevitable as if it were the child of emotions and instincts, which are tougher to change than thinking. “Since its a cognitive process, we have volitional (意志的)control over it, argues DeSteno. The way to change hearts and minds is to focus on the former: appeal to our better angels in t
10、he brains emotion areas, and tell circuits that are going through cognitive distortions to excuse in ourselves what we condemn in others to just shut up.1.According to paragraph 1, brain imaging is proof of （ ）.2.The conclusion drawn from the first experiment is that people（ ）.3.DeSteno attributes t
11、he subjects behaviors to the fact that they（ ）.4.The second experiment proves that（ ）.问题1选项A.emotional basis of moral judgmentsB.emotion-driven hypocrisyC.reason-driven hypocrisyD.the Enlightenment notion问题2选项A.prefer easy tasksB.like picking faults of othersC.demand both benefits and reputationD.ar
12、e hypocritical in nature问题3选项A.are self-centeredB.are insensitive to misbehaviorsC.have realized that it costs to be moralD.have reasoned that hypocrisy is beneficial问题4选项A.selfishness is the result of cognitionB.human are moral and fair by natureC.moral judgments are made by cognitionD.judgments by
13、 intuition are reliable【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段的内容为：长期以来，科学家们一直在争论，伪善是由情感驱动还是由理性驱动。在其他道德判断中，大脑成像显示，情绪在道德判断中所起的作用所涉及的是情感而不是思维的区域，颠覆了启蒙运动的观念。这给我们带来了伪善，这在人身上几乎是可笑的。可知脑成像是道德判断的情感基础，因此选A。2.推理判断题。文章第二段介绍了心理学家们做的实验：实验对象给自己和陌生人分配任务，并为自己和别人分配的公平性打分。得到的结果是：一方面，无私的现象完全没有出现，人们都为自己选择了轻松的任务而把难的任务
14、分给别人。另一方便，伪善倒是大张旗鼓地出现了，人们对自己的自私行为比对别人的自私行为更为宽容。因此从第一个实验得出的结论是人们既要利益又要维护形象，选C。3.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的People have learned that it pays to seem moral, since it lets you avoid criticism and guilt. But even better is appearing moral without having to pay the cost of actually being moral such as assigning yourse
15、lf the tough job（人们已经认识到，看起来道德是值得的，因为它可以让你避免批评和内疚。但更好的是，在不付出实际道德代价的情况下，表现得很有道德比如给自己分配一份艰苦的工作）可知D选项“有理由认为伪善是有益的”符合题意。4.推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段中的People judged their own (selfish) behavior as harshly as they did others. and we intuitively and equally condemn bad behavior by ourselves as well as others（人们像对待别人一样
16、严厉地判断自己（自私的）行为我们直觉地和同样谴责自己和他人的不良行为）可知B选项“人的本性是道德的和公平的”符合题意。2. 翻译题Translate the following into ChineseDuring the past four decades the fishery scientists of the West have studied the dynamics of fish populations with the objective of determining the relation between the amount of fishing and the sustainable catch.
