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1、Process of translation1 正确理解 1.1 正确理解句子 1.2 正确理解段落与篇章2 流畅表达 2.1 关键词的表达 2.2 短语的表达 2.3 句子的表达 2.4 整体表达 3 认真审校Translation and Equivalence泰特勒：翻译三原则18世纪末，爱丁堡大学历史教授亚历山大F泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler,1749-1814）在论翻译的原则一书中系统地提出了进行翻译和评判翻译标准的三条基本原则： 1. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas
2、of the original work.译文应完全复写出原作的思想。2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。3. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.译文应和原作同样流畅。“I pay for all their learning I toil for all their ease.” (E. Jones: The So
3、ng of the Wage-Slaves)【译文】“他们读书，我付学费； 他们享受，我却劳累。” Talent Professor Smith has. Money Professor Smith has not.【译文】才能，史密斯教授有。钱，史密斯教授没有。 Contrast is the spice of life. There can be no joy without sorrow, no summer without winter, no love without hate.【译文】矛盾是生活的调味品：没有悲伤就没有快乐；没有冬就没有夏；没有恨就没有爱。1 My dogs are
4、 killing me. 我的双脚疼死我了。2 The doctor said to me, “That patient may die of cancer, for all I care.” 医生对我说，“那个病人可能会死于癌症。”3 She can speak French after a fashion. 她能说一点法语.4 We cannot pay too high a price for our national security. 为了国家的安全花再大的代价也值得。5 Everything doesnt cause cancer. 并非所有东西都致癌。6. Although ou
5、r country is economically better off than ever before, it has a way to go. B. 尽管我国的经济情况比以前有所好转，但仍有待进一步发展。7. These brightly coloured stockings are all the go this summer. 这种色彩鲜艳的长筒女袜，今年夏天很流行。8. The cooking was up to the hammer. 烹调是第一流的。词义的处理“I will teach him to deceive others,” he said. 他说，“我要告诫他不要骗人
6、。”She has given heart to him. 她鼓励了他。He didnt speak (for) long. 他说话时间不长。There is no need for you to worry; if anything goes wrong it is I who will have to face the music. 你没有必要担心，如果有什么差错，我来承担后果。1：Her grace was a delight. 她的优雅风度很讨人喜欢。2：There was a pleasant freshness of spring everywhere. 处处洋溢着春色宜人的清新气
7、息3：They have winked at these irregularities too long. 他们对这些舞弊勾当长久视而不见。4：You might well have spared yourself the trouble. 你大可不必多此一举。1：He was described as impressed by Tengs flexibility据说他为邓灵活的态度所感动。2：At the same time, inequality has become worse, poverty has increased absolutely.同时贫富不均的现象变得更加严重，贫穷者的绝
8、对数增加了。3：The Chinese delegation will never accept such dictation中国代表团决不同意这种独断专行的做法。4：The gathering gloom of a November evening heightened the sadness of this desolation.十一月中的一个黄昏，天色越来越幽暗，这给荒芜的景色增染上几分凄凉的色彩。1：The capacity to use a raw material depends on various factors, such as means of access, method
9、s of extraction, and techniques of processing.使用原料的规模大小取决于各种因素，比如获取原料的手段、开采方法和加工技术。2：But besides the violence there is the kindness and courtesy of the ordinary American people.除了暴力以外，普通美国人还有和蔼可亲、彬彬有礼的一面。Janes been ill, but shes as right as rain now. 珍妮一直有病，可现在身体很好。2：Im quite well able to take care
10、of myself. 我完全能照顾我自己。Because he has caught cold he is not at home today. 他今天感冒了，不能接见客友。He was at once a soldier and a writer. 他是一个军人，同时又是一个作家。1) The French only love arts. 法国人只爱文艺而已。2）The French love arts only. 法国人爱的只是文艺。3）Only the French love arts. 只有法国人爱好文艺4）The French love their only arts. 法国人爱好他
11、们唯一的文艺1) They are behaving naturally. 他们举止自然。2) Naturally, they are behaving well. 当然，他们表现很好3) She is naturally gentle. （“naturally”是副词,修饰“gentle”）她天生就温柔。 I want to present everyone present a present. 我想给在场的每个人赠送一份礼物。2：That brings me to this question: What is a people?以上使我想起了下面一个问题：一个民族的含义是什么？3: Alb
12、ert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, arrived at this theory through mathematics. 爱因斯坦创立了相对论,他是通过数学获得这一理论的Its not a good habit for a child to water anywhere. 小孩随地小便可不是一个好习惯。She is a wonderful woman, really something. 她是个很好的女人, 真的挺不错。Suddenly, something inside me turned.突然，我心里一酸。1：Eve
13、ry life has its roses and thorns. 生活有苦也有甜。2：Watch out for Harlow, hes full of mickey mouse ideas. 要提防着点哈洛，他满脑子的歪门邪道。1：A nice enough young fellow, you understand, nothing upstairs. 小伙子人长得是年轻英俊，脑子里却是白纸一张。1：This reminds me about Lots wife. 这引起了我的好奇心2：She is a fox. 她是位时髦迷人的女郎。3：Grammar may be his heel o
14、f Achilles. 语法是他的致命弱点。1：If you had studied harder at college, you might have become a somebody.当初上大学，如果你多用点功，说不定已经成为重要人物了。2：Common sense and good nature will do a lot to make the pilgrimage of life not too difficult to a light woman.洞达世情和心底忠厚对于一个风尘中人来说,常会使她的人生历程比较顺利。1：He has the assurance to ask me
15、for money. 他竟然厚着脸皮向我要钱。2：They seize every opportunity to do all kinds of evils. 他们无孔不入，干尽坏事。英汉语言的主要差异英语属于印欧语系，是一种拼音文字，单词没有四声，但句子可以有不同的声调；而汉语属于汉藏语系，是一种表意文字，音节有四声变化，语调也很丰富。英语是一种逐渐从综合型向分析型发展的语言；汉语则是以分析为主的语言。所谓综合型语言是指该语言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义（格、数、时等）从句子结构上来说，英语重形合，即主要靠语言本身的语法手段来造句，句子主干突出；而汉语重意合，构句主要靠句子内部的逻辑关系。英语句子中名词和介词占优势，每句中只能有一个作谓语的主要动词；而在汉语中则是动词占优势，一个句子中可以有很多谓语动词。英语句子的重心多在句首，而汉语句子的重心则多在句尾。英语中用被动语态的句子较多（尤其是在科技英语中更是如此）；汉语中则较少使用被动句。汉语中有众多的量词，英语中只有很少数可以做量词的名词。英语词汇有屈折变化，汉语词汇则没有；英语词义比较灵活多变，汉语词义则相对稳定。这些因素都会影响翻译。下面大家就来看看几种英汉共有的主要词类的差别（为节省篇幅，例句主要是英译汉。汉译英时道理也是一样，只是需要逆向思维）It rains everyday recently. 最近天天下
