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1、职称英语考试理工类B 级新增文章及译文资料仅供参考Real World Robots .错误!未定义书签。When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach 错误 !未定义书签。MusicalRobot CompanionEnhances ListenerExperience .错误!未定义书签。ResearchersDiscoverWhyHumansBeganWalking Upright.错误!未定义书签。Giant Structures .错误!未定义书签。Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures 错误 !未定义书签。Better Solar En
2、ergy Systems: More Heat, MoreLight .错误!未定义书签。What Is a Dream? .错误!未定义书签。The Biology of Music .错误!未定义书签。The Apgar Test .错误!未定义书签。Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job 错误 ! 未定义书签。Real World Robots Lightening Strikes.错误!未定义书签。.错误!未定义书签。资料仅供参考Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny,
3、 metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instea
4、d a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functionsusually performed by humans. Today s robot is more than an automatic machine that performsone task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelli
5、gence that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficult
6、y remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the
7、资料仅供参考robot s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object ，the robot bounces beams of laser light
8、and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of a
9、rtificial-intelligence programs.当你想到机器人的时候， 你脑海中浮现的是不是一个有着大致人类轮廓的、 能够发挥像人类一样的功能，而且能用夹着高音的单调音调回答你的问题的有光泽的金属装置？很多人想象中的机器人都是这个样子的，可是，在现实世界中，机器人和人类长得一点都不像。 与之相反，机器人一般是一个不会说话的盒子状机器， 能够代替人类高效率地完成一些重复性的或者危险的工作。现在的机器人不但仅是一台能够重复同一任务的自动工具， 而是具有不同程度的人工智能， 也就是说，机器人内置了一个计算机程序， 能够指资料仅供参考导机器人完成与人类智能有关的任务，比如推理、得出结论
10、，以及从过去的经验中学习。机器人不具备人形的原因是， 如果机器人有两条腿的话，保持平衡会很困难。 机器人的移动主要依靠轮轴结构旋转来实现。 有的机器人甚至还能够经过接合点和发动机旋转和移动的臂。机器人依靠多种内置的感觉器来帮助寻找路径。连接在机器人底部的天线能够探测到机器人撞到的任何物体。在斜坡上移动的时候， 如果机器人开始摇晃， 机器人内部的陀螺仪和钟摆仪就会探测到水平方向的变化。机器人探测自己与其它物体的距离以及到达该物体的时间的方法是发射激光束和超声波，经过反射的信号来判断这些信息。这些探测器不断地向计算机提供信息，计算机将这些信息进行分析， 从而纠正或调整机器人的进一步动作。随着科技的
11、进步， 机器人也会在功能和人工智能程序等方面上取得发展。When Our Eyes Serve Our StomachOur senses aren t just delivering汪 strict view of what s going on in the world; they affected by what s going on in our heads. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related r资料仅供参考words more clearly than people who ve justeaten.Psych
12、ologists have known for decades thatwhat s going on,inside our head affects oursenses. For example, poorer children think coinsare larger than they are, and hungry peoplethink pictures of food are brighter. Remi Radelof University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis，France，wanted to investigate how this happen
13、s. Does ithappen right away as the brain receives signalsfrom the eyes or a little later as the brainhigh-level thinking processes get involved.Radel recruited 42 students with a normalbody mass index. On the day of his or her test,each student was told to arrive at the lab atnoon after three or fou
14、r hours of not eating.Then they were told there was a delay. Somewere told to come back in 10 minutes; otherswere given an hour to get lunch first. So half thestudents were hungry when they did theexperiment and the other half had just eaten.For the experiment, the participant lookedat a computer screen. One by one, 80 wordsflashed on the screen for about l/300th of asecond each. They flashed at so small a size tha
