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1、精品文档#欢迎下载Chapter 1:Main issues of tran slati on studies:1. Jacobs on categories of tran slati on:a. In trali ngual;b. In terl in gual;c. In tersemiotic (verbal- non-verbal).2. History of the discipli ne:a. From the late 18th to the 1960s -grammar-tra nslatio nmethod (replaced bycom muni cative appro
2、ach in the 1960s and 1970s);b. The USA1960s -ranslationworkshop concept based on Richards reading workshopsand practical criticism approach that began in 1920s; running parallel to this approach was that of comparative literature;c. The USA 1930s-1960s/70s-co ntrastive an alysis;d. More systematic,
3、and mostly linguistic-oriented, approach 1950s-1960s:i. J.-P. Vin ay a nd J. Darbel net (Fre nch/E nglish);ii. A. Malbla nc (Fre nch/Germa n);iii. G. Mounin (li nguistic issues of tran slati on);iv. E. Nida (based on Chomsky gen erative grammar).is con sidered tov. James S. Holmes The name and natur
4、e of translation studiesbe the founding stateme nt of a new discipli ne.vi. Herma ns Man ipulati on Schoolvii. Vieira Brazilia n cann ibalist school Postco lonial theoryviii. Venuti cultural-studies-orie nted an alysisThe Holmes/Toury map of tran slati on studies1:Tran slatio n studies:1 Pure2 Appli
5、eda)Theoretical (tra nslatio n theory)a)Tra nslator trainingi)Teachi ng evaluatio n methodsi) Gen eralii)Test ing tech niq uesii) Partialiii)Curriculum desig nb)Tra nslati onaids(l)Medium restrictedi)IT applicati ons(a)By mach ine: Alo ne/With huma n aid(1)tra nslati on software(b)Byhuma ns:Writte n
6、/Spoke n:(2) on-1 ine databasescon secutive/simulta neous(3)use of internet(2)Area restricted (specific Ian guages)(3)Rank restricted (word/sentence/text)ii)Dictio naries(4)Text-typerestricted(ge nres:literary,bus in ess,tech nicaliii)Grammarstran slati ons)(5)Time restricted (periods)c)Tran slati o
7、n criticism(6)Problem restricted (specific problemsi) Evaluati on of tran slatio nse.g. equivale nee)ii) Revisi on of stude nts tran slati onsiii) Reviews of published tran slatio nsb)Descriptive (DTS)i)Productorie nted(exam inesexist ingtran slati ons)ii)Processoriented(what happens in themi nd of
8、a tran slator)iii)F unctionorie nted(a study of con text/socio-tra nslati onstudies/cultural-studies-oriented translation)Chapter 2: Tran slati on theory before the 20thcen tury:LiteralFreeAdaptati onUpun tilthesecondhalf of the 20th cen turysteriledebateover the triad of literal, free andfaithful t
9、ran slati on1st cent.BCCicero1西赛罗In terpreter他坚持他是以演 说家而不是以解 释者来翻译的。 他倡导意译Orator4th century St Jerome哲罗姆Word-for-word他米取意译而不 是直译的翻译方 法Sen se-for-se ns eAn cie ntCh ina750-1250BaghdadMore tha n 1000 years afterStJeromeWester n societyHeretical (Etie nne Dolet)The French huma ni st, whowasburntin1546E
10、tie nneDolet 多雷Avoid他提出了翻译五 原则16th cen turyMarti nLuther 马丁路德通过翻译将精英通俗化everyday speech styleBefore 17th cen turyFidelityTruthLetterSpiritFrom 17th cen tury17th cen tury En gla ndCowleyImitatio n17th cen turyJohn Dryden约翰德莱顿Metaphrase提出了翻译ParaphraseImitatio nEn gla nd三分法：逐 字对译，活 译，拟作18th cen tury En
11、gla ndA.F. Tytler亚历山大泰特勒Adopt the very soul of the author(spirit)19th cen turySchleiermacher(divide d texts intobus in essand philosophical)施莱尔马赫The reader toward the writer(alie nat ing; foreig ni zati on-Venu ti)提倡保留原作的原味Thewritertowardthereader(n aturalizi ngdomesticati on-Ven uti)19th-earl y20th
12、cent.Britai nF. Newman弗朗西斯纽 曼强调原作的异味fora wideaudie neeM. Arnold 马修阿诺德for elite提倡透明的 翻译方法Throughout the cen turies debate on form vs. content occurred.Traduttore, traditore = the tran slator is a traitorChapter 3: Equivale nee and equivale nt effect:In the 1950s and 1960s the place of circular debate
13、s around literal and freetranslationtook the new debate revolved around certainkey linguisticissues, amongthem those of meaning and equivale nee, discussed by R. Jakobs on in 1959. Over thefollowing 20 years many further attempts were made to define the nature of equivale nee.Jakobson:1. Meaning: th
14、e signifier=the signal of the signified (the concept).2. There is no full equivale nee betwee n code-un its of differe nt Ian guages.3. So, we should substitute not words, but messages.4. Only poetry is consideredlintranslatable and requiresreative transposition.Nidas scienee of translating (subjective):1. Meaning:a. L in guistic;b. Referential (dictionary meaning);c. Emotive (conno tative).2. Ways of determ ining meaning:a. Hierarchical structuri ng (a ni maldog, cow etc);b. Comp onen tial an alysis (gra ndmother, mother, cous in et
