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1、苏教版初中生物七年级上册期中复习资料七年级复习要点 (一二章复习要点) 一、知识构建 1、显微镜的基本结构和作用: 目镜:接近眼睛的镜头。物镜:接近标本的镜头。粗准焦螺旋:一般调节。细准焦螺旋:精细调节。镜筒:连接目镜和物镜。转换器:转换物镜。压片夹:固定玻片。通光孔:通过光线。载物台:放置玻片。遮光器:调节光线强弱(光线强时用小孔，光线弱时用大孔)。反光镜:调节光线强弱(光线强时用平面镜，光线弱时用凹面镜)。镜臂:连接镜筒和镜座，支持作用。镜座:支持作用。 2、制作临时玻片的方法: (1)擦用洁净的纱布将载玻片、盖玻片擦拭干净;(2)滴用滴管在载玻片中央滴一滴清水(人口腔上皮细胞则用生理盐水
2、);(3)取取要观察的标本;(4)浸把材料浸入玻片中央的水滴中;(5)展展平材料;(6)盖用镊子夹起盖玻片，使它的一边先接触载玻片上的水滴，然后轻轻盖在生物材料上;(7)染把一滴碘液滴在盖玻片的一侧，用吸水纸从另一侧吸引，使染液浸润标本的全部(视情况而定，有的不用染色)。 3、使用显微镜观察玻片标本的方法: 1、将显微镜从镜盒中取出，一手握镜臂，一手托镜座。 2、对光(1)选择目镜，转动转换器，使低倍物镜对准通光孔;(2)把较大的光圈对准通过光孔;(3)转动反光镜，从目镜可看到一白亮的视野。 3、观察(1)将玻片放到载物台上通光孔中央;(3)转动粗准焦螺旋，直到看清物像为止，最后用细准焦螺旋使
3、物像更清晰;(显微镜下看到的物像是倒像，如果要将周围的物像移于视野中央，则应将标本向物像相反的方向移动。)偏哪往哪移 4、整理:实验完毕，准确收放显微镜。 4、科学探究的一般方法: 提出问题:提出对生活和生产中发现的令人迷惑不解的问题。作出假设:假设是对问题的一种可能的解释。它不是事实，但也不是毫无根据的猜想。实验:是验证假设的基本途径，包括制定计划、实施计划等，科学探究常常需要进行对照实验。在对照实验中，除了实验变量不同外，其他因素都相同。得出结论:分析现象、处理数据，得出结论。实验原则:单一变量和对照原则 二、例题解析 1(显微镜的使用。(放大倍数、标本移动方向、物像在视野中的成像) 例.
4、现有一台显微镜，有两个目镜(放大倍数分别是5X.8X)，两个物镜(放大 pipe and the metal structure installation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total abou
5、t 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (containing annex); level power station metal structure about 52.5 t, containing discharge Gate 2 hole, rushed sand Gate 1 hole, water mouth work door and the stopped dirt gate the 1 hole, Qian pool work door and the stopped
6、 dirt gate the 1 hole; Secondary power station metal junction at about 19.5 t, containing sand Gate 1 hole, water inlet water gate and trash the 1 hole; their auxiliary hoist equipment and electrical equipment. Concrete pressure pipe, gate, trash and hoisting device project property list 1-11-3. Tab
7、le 1-1 the main characteristics of the penstock number item parameter type controller size head a long pipe diameter pipe length 11 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pipe joint water supply 1.3M 931m 0.8M 8.3*2m 22 hydropower station penstock open-air exposed pipe, single pip
8、e joint water supply 1.4m 1063.506 m 0.8M 10*2m table 1-2 hydropower station Main characteristics of hydraulic metal structure number project name gate, trash rack, door (gate . Pressure pipe and the metal structure installation 9.1 main engineering profile yongxing river level hydropower station pr
9、essure pipe pipeline plane Shang along Ridge is line layout, and slope surface contour close vertical, Guan Po with original ground line changes, used open type Ming tube, single tube joint water way, competent diameter 1.3M, long 931.00m, two root non-symmetric Bu type support tube, diameter 0.8M,
10、single root long 8.3M. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 107 buttress, telescopic section 11. Support Pier spacing 8M, side-sliding bearing. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, base surface into bedrock, pipe excavation slope 1:0.75 with M5 grouted rubble slope protection, 0.3M, bo
11、ttom side sewer, 0.25m wide, deep 0.3m,M5 grouted rubble masonry, set maintenance step ladder on the left side, 1.0M wide. Yongxinghe-? hydropower station penstock pipes arranged along the ridge line on the plane, and nearly vertical slope contour lines, Guan Po changes with the original ground line
12、, with shallow backfill-pipe, single-pipe water supply, the competent 1.4m, long 1063.506m, two asymmetric y pipe, diameter 0.8M, single 10m. Competent to establish 12 town Pier, 8 expansion joint. Town pier for the closed-end structure of gravity, placed on soft rock base surface, pipe concrete C20
13、 on a pedestal. Pipe trench excavation slope 1:0.75, after the installation of steel tube, compacted gravel backfill material to the surface, and 1:100 slope drainage to gutters. Gutter width 0.5M depth 0.5m,M5 grouted rubble masonry. 9.2 main engineering content this standard pressure pipe and the
14、metal structure 倍数分别是10X.45X),那么这台显微镜观察到细胞数目最多的是 ( ) A. 5X. 45X B. 10X.45X C(5X. 10X D(8X. 45X 注:显微镜视野中的像是倒像:左右颠倒，上面颠倒 2(制作临时玻片标本的步骤。(以洋葱表皮、口腔上皮细胞玻片制作为例) 擦滴撕(取)展盖染观 注:口腔上皮使用的是生理盐水。 例.下图为临时装片制作过程示意图，制作顺序正确的是 ( ) A.? B. ? C. ? D.? 三、练习巩固 1、下图是显微镜的结构图请据图回答: (1)调节视野亮度的结构是 ,和 ,( (,)标号,指,，,指,(如果,上标有,的字样，,
15、上标有,的字样，所观察到的物像放大,倍( (,)用显微镜观察材料时发现视野中有异物，如果移动装片，异物也移动，说明异物在,上(如果移动装片，异物不动，说明异物可能在 和 上(如果换一个目镜，发现异物还在，说明异物在 上。 (4)当物镜接近玻片标本时，反方向转动粗准焦螺旋使镜筒缓缓上升，此时眼睛应注视 .如果观察的物像不够清晰，应转动 进行调节。 (5)注明显微镜各部位的名称。 2、在显微镜的视野中，物象偏左上方时，只有将玻片标本向哪儿推动，才能使物像移动到视野的中央 ( ) A. 左上方 B. 左下方 C. 右上方 D.右下方 pipe and the metal structure inst
16、allation part main including Yunnan province tengchong County yongxing River primary and secondary hydropower station in the of pressure pipe and the power station metal structure, which level power station pressure pipe total about 562t (containing annex); II level power station pressure pipe about 733 t (cont
