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1、Chapter 31. In 1986, the price of oil on world markets dropped sharply. Since the United States is an oil-importing country, this was widely regarded as good for the U.S. economy. Yet in Texas and Louisiana 1986 was a year of economic decline. Why?It can deduce that Texas and Louisiana are oil-produ
2、cing states of United States. So when the price of oil on world markets declined, the real wage of this industry fell in terms of other goods. This might be the reason of economic decline in these two states in 1986.2。An economy can produce good 1 using labor and capital and good 2 using labor and l
3、and. The total supply of labor is 100 units. Given the supply of capital, the outputs of the two goods depends on labor input as follows:To analyze the economys production possibility frontier, consider how the output mix changes as labor is shifted between the two sectors.a. Graph the production fu
4、nctions for good 1 and good 2. b. Graph the production possibility frontier. Why is it curved?Q1Q2L1L2PPF The PPF is curved due to declining marginal product of labor in each good. The total labor supply is fixed. So as L1 rises, MPL1 falls; correspondingly, as L2 falls, MPL2 rises. So PP gets steep
5、er as we move down it to the right.2. The marginal product of labor curves corresponding to the production functions in problem2 are as follows:a. Suppose that the price of good 2 relative to that of good 1 is 2. Determine graphically the wage rate and the allocation of labor between the two sectors
6、.With the assumption that labor is freely mobile between sectors, it will move from the low-wage sector to the high-wage sector until wages are equalized. So in equilibrium, the wage rate is equal to the value of labors marginal product.The abscissa of point of intersection illustrated above should
7、be between (20, 30). Since we only have to find out the approximate answer, linear function could be employed.The labor allocation between the sectors is approximately L1=27 and L2=73. The wage rate is approximately 0.98.b. Using the graph drawn for problem 2, determine the output of each sector. Th
8、en confirm graphically that the slop of the production possibility frontier at that point equals the relative price.Q1Q2L1L2PPF The relative price is P2/P1=2 and we have got the approximate labor allocation, so we can employ the linear function again to calculate the approximate output of each secto
9、r: Q1=44 and Q2=90.c. Suppose that the relative price of good 2 falls to 1. Repeat (a) and (b).The relative decline in the price of good 2 caused labor to be reallocated: labor is drawn out of production of good 2 and enters production of good 1 (1=62, L2=38). This also leads to an output adjustment
10、, that is, production of good 2 falls to 68 units and production of good 1 rises to 76 units. And the wage rate is approximately equal to 0.74.Q1Q2L1L2PPFd. Calculate the effects of the price change on the income of the specific factors in sectors 1 and 2.With the relative price change from P2/P1=2
11、to P2/P1=1, the price of good 2 has fallen by 50 percent, while the price of good 1 has stayed the same. Wages have fallen too, but by less than the fall in P2 (wages fell approximately 25 percent). Thus, the real wage relative to P2 actually rises while real wage relative to P1 falls. Hence, to det
12、ermine the welfare consequence for workers, the information about their consumption shares of good 1 and good 2 is needed. 3. In the text we examined the impacts of increases in the supply of capital and land. But what if the mobile factor, labor, increases in supply?a Analyze the qualitative effect
13、s of an increase in the supply of labor in the specific factors model, holding the price of both goods constant.For an economy producing two goods, X an Y, with labor demands reflected by their marginal revenue product curves, there is an initial wage of w1 and an initial labor allocation of Lx=OxA
14、and Ly=OyA. When the supply of labor increases, the right boundary of the diagram illustrated below pushed out to Oy. The demand for labor in sector Y is pulled rightward with the boundary. The new intersection of the labor demand curves shows that labor expands in both sectors, and therefore output
15、 of both X and Y also expand. The relative expansion of output is ambiguous. Wages paid to workers fall. Wb Graph the effect on the equilibrium for the numerical example in problems 2 and 3, given a relative price of 1, when the labor force expands from 100 to 140. With the law of diminishing return
16、s, the new production possibility frontier is more concave and steeper (flatter) at the ends when total labor supply increases.L1 increase to 90 from 62 and L2 increases to 50 from 38. Wages decline from 0.74 to 0.60. This new allocation of labor leads to a new output mix of approximately Q1=85 and Q2=77.Q1Q2L1L2PPFChapter 41 In the Unit
