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1、高三英语语法专项复习 句子构造及成分考点1. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且可以独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词)I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词）助动词助动词是指那些用来协助构成时态、语态、虚拟语调、疑问句、否认句和倒装句和协助强调的词。这些词自身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。协助构成时态的：The boy is cryi
2、ng.(is 用来构成目迈进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词)I have been painting all day. （have been用来协助构成目前完毕进行时，和painting一起作谓语，是助动词。）协助构成否认句和疑问句的：Does he like English? (does协助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does只是协助构成否认句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)协助构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. (are协助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词)The ho
3、use has been pulled down. (has been协助构成时态和语态，是助动词)协助构成虚拟语调If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have协助构成虚拟语调，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。)协助构成倒装句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(她如此爱她的妈妈以至于她妈妈生日那一天，她给她买了许多礼物。did只是协助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词)协助构成强调意义
4、的He did come yesterday. (did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词)因此可以看出，常用的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。情态动词情态动词同助动词同样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词自身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：He can swim across the river.(can的词义为“可以”)You must stay at home. (must词义为“必须”)I might leave tomorrow. （might的词义为“或许”）考点2. 谓语和非
5、谓语在英语中，一种主谓构造中只能有一种谓语，再浮现动词时，要变成非谓语形式，非谓语是指：动词不定式，动名词，目前分词和过去分词。改正下列句中的错误1.Get up early is good for our health.2.My favorite sport is play football.3.There is a bird sings in the tree.4.The house was built last year has been sold out.5.The girls are singing over there are my classmates.6.I remember
6、saw him that day.考点3. 复合构造1.He invited us to come to the party. (us是宾语，to come to the party是宾语补足语；宾语和宾语补足语合一起称为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系。)2.Its important for us to learn English well. (it是形式主语，真正的主语是for us to learn English well。“us”是“to learn English well”的逻辑主语，两者构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。for somebody to do somethin
7、g是动词不定式的复合构造。)3.Its very kind of you to help me.（of you to help me也是动词不定式的复合构造）4.Toms coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom迟到使我们教师气愤。coming是动名词，Toms coming late是动名词的复合构造。Tom是coming late的逻辑主语，两者是逻辑上的主谓关系。)句子成分英语的句子成分重要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）,除了这六种重要成分之外，尚有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。主语主语是一种句子所论述的主
8、体，一般位于句首，一般由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法构造：1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词（如the rich）5.不定式 6.动名词 7.主语从句等表达。改正下列句中的错误1.He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. 2.That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.3.Beyond the mountains lie a small village.4.Gone is the days when I had to go to
9、school on foot.5.Play basketball is my favorite sport.谓语谓语由动词充当，阐明主语所做的动作或具有的特性和状态。谓语的构成如下：1、简朴谓语：由一种动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其她助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. / He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there./ I would stay at home all
10、 day.（2）由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：We are students./ Your idea sounds great.表语表语用以阐明主语的身份、特性和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表达。宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表达动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词背面。宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一种直接宾语以外，还要有一种宾语补语，才干使句子的意义完整。宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的
11、主谓关系。换句话说，在乎思上，宾语相称于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。用线划出下列句中的宾语补足语1.His father named him Dongming. 2.They painted their boat white. 3.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 4.We saw her entering the room.5.We found everything in the lab in good order.6
12、.We will soon make our city what your city is now.主语补足语对主语的补充。（具有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，本来的宾补就成了主语补足语。）He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表达。状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 阐明动作或状态特性的句子成分，叫做状语。同位语同位语是在名
13、词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以阐明的成分。如：We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）Its good to us students. (students是us的同位语）简朴句的五种基本构造基本句型 一：（主谓）此类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语，常用的不及物动词有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ri
14、ng，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如: It is raining now. / Weve worked for 5 hours. The meeting lasted half an hour. / Time flies. 基本句型 二：（主系表）常用的系动词状态系动词: 用来表达主语
15、状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 她是一名教师。持续系动词:用来表达主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，重要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He kept silent at the meeting. 她开会时保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一种谜。The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。The house stood empty for years.房子空了数年。He lies awake in bed.她躺在床上，醒着。表“像”系动词: 用来表达看起来像这一概念，重要有seem, appear, look, 例如：Something seems wrong. 仿佛出差了。/ He appears young. 她看起来很年轻。 感官系动词：感官系动词重要有look看起来，feel摸起来;感觉, smell闻起来, sound听起来, taste尝起来：This kind of cloth feels very soft. / This flower smells very sweet.
