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1、.Unit1The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earths historyTransports early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materialsBut with the formation of tribes,then peoples,and
2、 finally nations,the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more ple*. At first there was mobility required for individuals,clans,households,and animals to protect them against,and to escape from,the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions,and in the search for the
3、best places to settleAs tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity,transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development,to provide access to natural resources,to promote intermunal trade,and to mobilize territorial defenseWhen the first nations came in
4、to being,transport played a major role in establishing national integrity交通工具的演变严密相连的人类在整个地球的历史开展。运输署早期功能是满足根本需要搬运粮食供给和建材等领域。但随着部落,然后人民,和最后国家形成,运输的社会和经济功能变得越来越复杂。在第一次有流动性所需的个人、 宗族、 家庭和动物保护他们免遭,和逃避危险自然灾害和部落的侵略行为,并在寻找最好的地方定居。部落群体形成和逐步确立其地理特征,运输日益需要开放地区的开展,以提供对天然资源,促进族裔间的贸易,并调动外乡防卫的访问。当第一次的联合国应运而生时,运输发
5、挥了重要的作用,建立民族气节After basic societal needs had generally been attended to,localmunities could increasingly devote their efforts to enhancing their economic,cultural,and technological development through trade links with other peoples and regionsAgain,transportprovided the mobility required for such in
6、tertribal, international,and finally intercontinental cultural e*change and tradeDuring all of this gradual development toward an organized human society,represented today through the international family of nations,transport as physical process of moving people and goods,thus promoting such develop
7、ment,continuously underwent technological and organizational changesSuch changes were induced by several factors and circumstancesIn fact,todays transport in its various forms and organizational arrangements remains highly subject to changes in response to societal requirements and preferences根本社会需求
8、大体上已照顾到后,当地社区可能会越来越多地致力于加强贸易联系通过与其他民族和地区经济、 文化和科技开展共同。再次,运输提供所需的这种部落之间、 国际和洲际最后的文化交流和贸易的流动。在所有有组织的人类社会,今天代表国际大家庭,交通工具的移动人员和货物,物理过程,从而促进这种开展,通过向此逐步开展的过程中不断发生了技术和组织的变化。这种变化是几个因素及环境所致。事实上,今天的各种形式和组织安排运输仍高度受回应社会需求和偏好的变化。Clearly,the first and foremost criterion to be satisfied by transport was efficiency
9、For centuries,and particularly during the takeoff stages of local economics,society required reliable,fast,and low cost transportThe search for appropriate technologies was relatively unconstrainedThere were times in human history when the demand for reliable and fast transport was especially pronou
10、nced,and quick solutions were required for national self-defense. During such periods of local and international conflict, human ingenuity devised new transport technologies which often proved to be the decisive element for survival, and sometimes victory.Subsequently refined and developed, such new
11、 technologies made it possible to better meet increasing transport demand, thus improving both economic progress and human welfare.显然符合运输的首要准则是效率。几百年来,特别是在本地经济的起飞阶段期间,社会需要快速、 可靠、 和低本钱的运输。寻找适宜的技术是相对无约束。倍时,在人类历史上尤为突出的可靠、 快速的运输需求,并快速解决方案所需的国家自卫。在这样的地方和国际冲突的时期人类智慧制定新运输技术往往证明的生存空间,有时胜利的决定性因素。随后改良和开展,这种新技
12、术使能够更好地满足日益增加的交通需求,从而提高经济进步和人类福祉。The need for better strategic mobility induced efforts to improve sea and land transport.This resulted in bigger and faster ships and more reliable and sturdy land vehicles. Eventually, self-propulsion was introduced, e*emplified by steamboats, the railways, and then
13、 the automobile. Research and development in the transport field finally became an organized undertaking with specific goalsand objectives. As the result of the consequent concentration of talent and e*pertise, more and more sophisticated transport technologies evolved, such as the aircraft and, mos
14、t recently, rocket propulsion.需要更好的战略机动致努力提高海洋和陆地运输。这导致更大、 更快的船舶和更可靠和巩固的陆地车辆。最终,自航引入,蒸汽机船、 铁路和汽车的例子。在运输领域研发终于成为组织的承诺与特定的目标。作为随后浓度的人才及专业知识的结果,更多先进的传输技术如飞机和,最近,火箭推进开展。The gradual evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transport is manifested by today s transport systems, which include air, s
15、urface, and water transport. Special industry needs have led to the development of transport modes that have rather limited applications, such as pipelines, cables, and belts. Within current societal needs and preferences, as well as the economic requirements of cost effectiveness, the various e*ist
16、ing transport modes generally fulfill rather specific functions.今天的表现是逐渐演化的日益复杂的交通工具 s 运输系统,其中包括空中、 地面、 和海上运输。而是有限的应用程序如管道、 电缆和带的交通工具的开展导致特殊行业的需要。当前社会的需要和喜好,以及本钱效益的经济上的要求,在现有的各种运输模式普遍到达而是特定的功能。Although transports potential to meet effectively numerous societal mobility needs improved continuously, it became evident that such effectiveness had its price. A number of transport technologies implied high energy consumption and required substantial capita