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1、实习-答案精品文档实习一疾病频率测量的常用指标五 练习题（一）名词解释：答案见课本P16-22（二）单选题1B2B3E4C5B（三）论述题：答案见课本P17-18实习二疾病分布五 练习题（一）名词解释：答案见课本P16-22（二）单选题1B2C（三）多选题1 ABD2 ABD3 ABDE4 ABCD5 BCDE（四）论述题：1. 答案见课本 P262. 答案见课本 P33-343. 答案见课本 P35-364. 答案见课本 P28实习三现况研究五 练习题一 单选题收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除精品文档1.C2.B3.E4.E5.C6.E7.D8.E二、多选题1. ABCDE 2. ABD
2、E 3. ABC 4. ABCDE 5. ABD 6. ABCDE三 简答题1. 现况研究的目的： (1)掌握目标群体中疾病的患病率及其分布状态；（ 2）提供疾病的致病因素的线索；（ 3）确定高危人群；（ 4）对疾病监测、预防接种效果及其他资料质量的评价。现况研究的特点： (1)开始时一般不设对照组；（ 2）研究某特定时点或时期内某一群体中暴露和疾病的联系；（ 3）现况研究揭示暴露与疾病之间的统计学联系，仅为建立因果关系提供线索，是分析性研究的基础，不能以此作因果推论；而对不会发生改变的暴露因素，可以作因果推论；（ 4）用现在的暴露来替代或估计过去情况的条件；（ 5）现况研究重复进行可以获得发
3、病率资料。2. 现况研究常用的抽样方法有： (1)单纯随机抽样；（ 2）系统抽样；（ 3）分层抽样；（ 4）整群抽样；（ 5）多级抽样。3.决定现况研究的样本大小的因素来自多方面，但主要是：预期的患病率，如现患率越靠近50，样本含量就越小；反之，则要大些。对调查结果精确性的要求，即允许误差越大，则所需样本就越小。四 论述题1. 现况研究的常见偏倚有（ 1）选择偏倚：选择性偏倚；无应答偏倚；幸存者偏倚。（ 2）信息偏倚：调查对象引起的偏倚；调查员偏倚；测量偏倚。防止产生偏倚的措施：（ 1）正确的研究设计：随即化、标准化方法，研究变量的选择及测量收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除精品文档（ 2）
4、提高研究对象的依从性（ 3）培训研究人员（ 4）严格校正仪器（ 5）严格实验条件及研究方法。2. 普查的目的：（ 1）早期发现病人；（ 2）了解疾病分布；（ 3）了解人群健康水平；（ 4）建立某生理指标的正常值。普查适用于那些有一定患病率，危害严重且有简便易行的诊断手段，而早期发现后能有满意治疗效果的疾病；建立某生理指标正常值需要用普查。普查的优点：（ 1）确定调查对象上比较简单；（ 2）可查出某人群中患某病的所有病人，使其得到及时治疗；（ 3）开展干预如健康教育，了解某病的患病率或健康状况。普查的缺点：（ 1）普查对象多，调查期限短难免漏查；（ 2）调查质量不易控制；（ 3）患病率低、诊断技
5、术复杂的疾病不易进行普查。抽样调查的优点：省时间、省人力、省物力，调查结果准确。抽样调查的缺点：设计、实施及资料分析比普查复杂；重复或遗漏不易被发现；对于变异过大的材料和需要普查普治的情况则不适合用抽样调查；患病率太低的疾病也不适合抽样调查。实习四队列研究(一) 名词解释? Exposure, Risk factor ， outcome? Cohort, Birth cohort, Exposure cohort? Fixed cohort, Dynamic cohort or open cohort? Cohort study/Prospective study /Follow-up stu
6、dy /Longitudinal study /Incidence study收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除精品文档? Prospective cohort study or concurrent cohort study, Historical (Retrospective or non-concurrent ) Cohort Study, Ambispective (or mixed) cohort study? Person time? Risk, Cumulative incidence, Incidence density? Standardized mortality rat
7、io (SMR)?Re1ative risk (RR), risk ratio (RR)，rate ratio (RR)? Attributable risk (AR), rate difference (RD), excess risk?Attributable risk percent (AR) etiologic fraction (EF)? Population attributable risk (PAR), population attributable risk percent (PARP)? Lost to followup bias（二）单选题 （选择一个最佳答案）1.In
8、cohort studies of the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease, it is essential that: Da. There be equal numbers of persons in both study groupsb. At the beginning of the study, those with the disease and those without the disease have equal risks of having the factorc. The study grou
9、p with the factor and the study group without the factor be representative of the general populationd. The exposed and nonexposed groups under study be as similar as possible with regard to possible confounding factorse. Both b and c2. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a prospective coho
10、rt study? Aa. It usually costs less than a case-control studyb. Precise measurement of exposure is possiblec. Incidence rates can be calculatedd. Recall bias is minimized compared with a case-control studye. Many disease outcomes can be studied simultaneously.3.Retrospective cohort studies are chara
11、cterized by all of the followingexcept:Ca. The study groups are exposed and nonexposedb. Incidence rates may be computedc. The required sample size is smaller than that needed for a prospective cohort studyd. The required sample size is similar to that needed for a prospective cohort studye. They ar
12、e useful rare exposures收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除精品文档4. A major problem resulting from the lack of randomization in a cohort study is: Aa. The possibility that a factor led to the exposure, rather than the exposure itself, might have cause the diseaseb. The possibility that a greater proportion of people in
13、 the study may have been exposedc. The possibility that a smaller proportion of people in the study may have been exposedd. That, without randomization, the study may take longer to carry oute. Planned crossover is more likely.5. In a cohort study, the advantage of starting by selecting a defined po
14、pulation for study before any of it members become exposed, rather that starting by selecting exposed and nonexposed individuals, is that: Ca. The study can be completed more rapidlyb. A number of outcomes can be studied simultaneouslyc. A number of exposures can be studied simultaneouslyd. The study will cost less to carry oute. a and d6. Classify each of the studies (6.1-6.7) described be
