化工专业英语课文翻译

Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Before reading the text below,try to answer following question:1.When did the modem chemical industry start?2.Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?3.What are the contribution which the chemical industry has made tomeet and satisfy our needs?4.Is the chemical industry capital-or labor-intensive?Why?1.Or igins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations,the evolution of what weknow as the modern chemical industry started much more recently.It may be considered to havebegun during the Industrial Revolution,about 1800,and developed to provide chemicals roe useby other industries.Examples are alkali fbr soapmaking,bleaching powder for cotton,and silicaand sodium carbonate fbr glassmaking.It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals.Theorganic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkinsdiscovery if the first synthetic dyestuff-mauve.At the start of the twentieth century the emphasison research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely,and by 1914had resulted in the Gennan chemical industry having 75%of the world market in chemicals.Thiswas based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process fbrsulphuric acid and the Haber process fbr ammonia.The later required a major technologicalbreakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very highpressure fbr the first time.The experience gained with this was to stand Gennany in good stead,particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds(ammonium saltsfbr fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture)with the outbreak of world war I in 1914.This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years(1918-1939).1.化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代,我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代(才开始的)。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及N a 2 c 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin发现第一种合成染料一苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到 1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后(1918-1939)odate bake to/fiom:回溯到dated:过时的,陈旧的stand sb.in good stead:对 很有帮助Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate,although this has slowedsignificantly in recent years.The lions share of this growth has been in the organic chemicalssector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950s.The explosivesgrowth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase indemand fbr synthetic polymers such as polyethylene,polypropylene,nylon,polyesters and epoxyresins.1940年以来，化学工业一直以引人注目的速度飞速发展。尽管这种发展的速度近年来已大大减慢。化学工业的发展由于1950年以来石油化学领域的研究和开发大部分在有机化学方面取得。石油化工在60年代和70年代的迅猛发展主要是由于人们对于合成高聚物如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、聚脂和环氧树脂的需求巨大增加。The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry,within whichit plays a central role.It makes thousands of different chemicals which the general public onlyusually encounter as end or consumer products.These products are purchased because they havethe required properties which make them suitable fbr some particular application,e.g.a non-stickcoating fbr pans or a weedkiller.Thus chemicals are ultimately sold for the effects that theyproduce.今天的化学工业已经是制造业中有着许多分支的部门，并且在制造业中起着核心的作用。它生产了数千种不同的化学产品，而人们通常只接触到终端产品或消费品。这些产品被购买是因为他们具有某些性质适合(人们)的一些特别的用途，例如，用于盆的不粘涂层或一种杀虫剂。这些化学产品归根到底是由于它们能产生的作用而被购买的。2.Definition of the Chemical IndustryAt the turn of the century there would have been little difficulty in defining what constitutedthe chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufactured and thesewere clearly chemicals,e.g.,alkali,sulphuric acid.At present,however,many intermediates toproducts produced,from raw materials like crude oil through(in some cases)many intermediatesto products which may be used directly as consumer goods,or readily converted into them.Thedifficulty cones in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to bepart of the chemical industrys sphere of activities.To consider a specific example to illustrate thisdilemma,emulsion paints may contain poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(vinyl acetate).Clearly,synthesis of vinyl chloride(or acetate)and its polymerization are chemical activities.However,ifformulation and mixing of the paint,including the polymer,is carried out by a branch of themultinational chemical company which manufactured the ingredients,is this still part of thechemical industry of does it mow belong in the decorating industry?2.化学工业的定义在本世纪初，要定义什么是化学工业是不太困难的，因为那时所生产的化学品是很有限的，而且是非常清楚的化学品，例如，烧碱，硫酸。然而现在有数千种化学产品被生产，从一些原料物质像用于制备许多的半成品的石油，到可以直接作为消费品或很容易转化为消费品的商品。困难在于如何决定在一些特殊的生产过程中哪一个环节不再属于化学工业的活动范畴。举一个特殊的例子来描述一下这种困境。乳剂漆含有聚氯乙烯/聚醋酸乙烯。显然，氯乙烯(或醋酸乙烯)的合成以及聚合是化学活动。然而，如果这种漆，包括高聚物，它的配制和混合是由一家制造配料的跨国化学公司完