外教社新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生系列（修订版）：综合教程（第3版） 第1册 Unit 3 Dealing with AIDS - Lecture Notes

Unit ThreeText I Dealing With AIDSSection One Pre-reading ActivitiesI.Lead-inDo the quiz given below to test your knowledge on AIDS.Write T for true statements and Ffor false statements.1.HIV is the virus that causes AIDS,and anyone,not just homosexuals,could be at risk.TAIDS is caused by a virus called HIV,the Human Immunodeficiency Virus.It remains a threatto people of all ages and nationalities,though the first AIDS patients in America and Europewere almost exclusively male homosexuals.2.People can prevent HIV and AIDS by getting a vaccine（疫苗）.FThere is no HIV vaccine.HIV is a very small virus,which can generate minor variations thatcan evade the bodys immunologic defenses,which makes it difficult to produce an effectivevaccine.The mutations also allow HIV to become resistant to medications.3.HIV is difficult to detect immediately after it is passed to someone.TThe virus will multiply in the body fbr a few weeks or even months before the immunesystem responds.During this initial period a person wont test positive fbr HIV.As it responds,the immune system starts to make antibodies.When this happens,one will test positive forHIV.The period between the original infection and the appearance of detectable antibodies inthe virus,is normally a period of about 14-21 days,or may be up to three months.4.HIV is passed on in body fluids（blood or semen）from an infected person.TOne can only obtain HIV if he/she gets infected blood or sexual fluids inside the body.Thiscan happen through an open sore or wound,during sexual activity,or by sharing a needle withsomeone who is infected.HIV can also be spread from a mother to a child during pregnancyor delivery.5.The virus can be spread by casual contact with people who are HIV-infected,such ashandshaking or drinking from the same cup.FThe AIDS virus cannot be spread by casual physical contact like handshaking.The virus hasbeen found in saliva（唾液）,but it exists there in such low concentrations that transmission isextremely rare.Medical research also shows that saliva contains chemicals that can help killHIV in the mouth.Therefore,one cannot be infected by drinking from the same cup as usedby someone with HIV.6.Cats,dogs,and other domestic animals are not a source of infection,but transmission byinsects,such as mosquitoes,is a means by which the virus can be acquired.FSo far there are no known cases of AIDS transmission by insects such as mosquitoes or bydomestic animals.ILCultural information1.QuoteBan Ki-Moon:Speaking at the Light for Rights1 on World AIDS Day held at the Washington Square ParkMemorial Arch in New York,he said:We are here tonight to denounce the discrimination they(people living with HIV/AIDS)face-the fear and stigma,the shame and rejection,the threat oflosing their jobs.For too long and in too many places,too many people have been pushedbeyond the reach of prevention and treatment,care and support.We must respond by shining thefull light of human rights on the challenge.I call on all countries to dismantle legal frameworksthat institutionalize discrimination against people living with HIV and people are at most risk ofinfection.2 AIDS:Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeAIDS,or the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome has been one of the most threateningdiseases of the 20th century.According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,AIDS begins when a personwith HIV infection has CD4 cell court below 200.(CD4 is also called T-cell”,a type of immunecell.)It is also defined by numerous opportunistic infections and cancers that occur in the presenceof HIV infection.It was first recognized as a disease in 1981.The virus was isolated in 1983 andwas ultimately named the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV).There are two forms of the HIVvirus,HIV-1 and HIV-2.The majority of cases worldwide are caused by HIV-1.In 1999 aninternational team of genetic scientists reported that HIV-1 can be traced to a closely related strainof virus,called simian immunodeficiency virus(SIV),that infects a subspecies of chimpanzee(Pan troglodytes)in central Africa.Chimpanzees are hunted for meat in this region,and it isbelieved the virus may have passed from the blood of chimpanzees into humans throughsuperficial wounds,probably in the early 1930s.People infected with HIV may have no symptomsfor ten years or longer,but they can still transmit the infection to others during this symptom-freeperiod.Meanwhile,if the infection is not detected and treated,the immune system graduallyweakens and AIDS develops.Most individuals infected with HIV,if not treated,will developAIDS.There is a small group of patients who develop AIDS very slowly,or never at all.Thesepatients are called non-progressors and many seem to have a genetic difference which prevents thevirus from attaching to certain immune receptors.World AIDS Day,observed on December 1stevery year,is dedicated to raising awareness of this disease.3.HomosexualsA term created by the 19lh century by theorists to describe a sexual and emotio