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1、动物福利与动物保护蒋志刚蒋志刚中中国科学院动物研究所国科学院动物研究所(1)(1)动物福利(2)(2)动物权利(3)(3)动物意识 (4)(4)伦理的演化(5)(5)动物的保护提纲问题的由来：人与动物的关系及动物法律地位l l如何对待动物如何对待动物是一个分歧很大、争论是一个分歧很大、争论不休的话题。目前不休的话题。目前的分歧来自生物伦的分歧来自生物伦理与对动物的法律地位的分歧。理与对动物的法律地位的分歧。4 45 56 6AristotleAltempsAristotle Altemps Aristotle Altemps 亚里士多德亚里士多德. .阿尔腾普斯阿尔腾普斯argued that
2、 animals argued that animals lacked reason (logos), and placed lacked reason (logos), and placed humans at the top of the natural humans at the top of the natural world.world.7 7RenDescartesRenDescartes勒内勒内 笛卡儿（笛卡儿（1596-16501596-1650） AnimalswerenotconsciousandbehavedasautomatonsAnimalswerenotconsci
3、ousandbehavedasautomatons.8 8JeremyBenthamJeremyBentham杰里米杰里米 边沁（边沁（1748183217481832）BritishphilosopherBritishphilosopher杰里米杰里米边沁哲学的基本公理边沁哲学的基本公理对与错的测度是绝大多数获得了最大的对与错的测度是绝大多数获得了最大的幸福幸福。fundamentalaxiomofhisphilosophytheprinciplethatitisfundamentalaxiomofhisphilosophytheprinciplethatitisthegreatesthap
4、pinessofthegreatestnumberthatisthemeasureofthegreatesthappinessofthegreatestnumberthatisthemeasureofrightandwrongrightandwrongPeterSingerPeterSinger（1946-1946-）ThecentralargumentofhisideaisanexpansionoftheutilitarianideaThecentralargumentofhisideaisanexpansionoftheutilitarianidea（功利思想）（功利思想）thattheg
5、reatestgoodofthegreatestnumberisthethatthegreatestgoodofthegreatestnumberistheonlymeasureofgoodorethicalbehaviour.Singerbelievesthatthereisonlymeasureofgoodorethicalbehaviour.Singerbelievesthatthereisnoreasonnottoapplythisprincipletootheranimals,arguingthatthenoreasonnottoapplythisprincipletootheran
6、imals,arguingthattheboundarybetweenhumanandanimaliscompletelyarbitrary.boundarybetweenhumanandanimaliscompletelyarbitrary.辛格辛格19751975年出版了年出版了Animal LiberationAnimal Liberation一书一书 ，提出了，提出了物种歧视物种歧视( (speciesismspeciesism) )”的概念。这本书的概念。这本书19901990年、年、20022002年年, 2009, 2009年多次再版，成年多次再版，成为动物解放运动的理论基础。辛
7、格认为动物具有感受痛苦的经历，因此为动物解放运动的理论基础。辛格认为动物具有感受痛苦的经历，因此必须考虑动物的利益。必须考虑动物的利益。PeterSingerPeterSinger意大利哲学家，因为主张将人类权利延伸到类人猿意大利哲学家，因为主张将人类权利延伸到类人猿而闻名。著作有而闻名。著作有动物问题：为什么非人动物应有动物问题：为什么非人动物应有人类权利人类权利1988-19981988-1998年任年任Etica & AnimaliEtica & Animali主编主编How much do animals matter-morally? Can we keep How much do
8、animals matter-morally? Can we keep considering them as second class beings, to be used considering them as second class beings, to be used merely for our benefit? Or, should we offer them some merely for our benefit? Or, should we offer them some form of moral egalitarianism? form of moral egalitar
9、ianism? Cavalieri discoverCavalieri discovers s that its very logic extends to that its very logic extends to nonhuman animals as beings who are owed basic nonhuman animals as beings who are owed basic moral and legal rights and that, as a result, human moral and legal rights and that, as a result,
10、human rights are not human after all.rights are not human after all.1212类人猿项目（The Great Ape Project (GAP)l l19931993年年, ,在在Paola Paola CavalieriCavalieri和和Peter Peter SingerSinger的倡导下，类人猿项目（的倡导下，类人猿项目（The The Great Ape Project (GAP) Great Ape Project (GAP) 成立成立, ,要求要求联合国宣告类人猿的基本法定权利。联合国宣告类人猿的基本法定权利。
11、l l伦理已经影响了现实，一个突出的例伦理已经影响了现实，一个突出的例子是欧盟和美国禁止使用实验用灵长子是欧盟和美国禁止使用实验用灵长类、国际航空公司停止运输灵长类、类、国际航空公司停止运输灵长类、动物实验开始转移到其他国家。动物实验开始转移到其他国家。GaryFrancione(GaryFrancione(1954-1954-)ProfessoroflawandphilosophyatRutgers)ProfessoroflawandphilosophyatRutgersSchoolofLaw-Newark,isaleadingabolitionistwriter,arguingthatSc
12、hoolofLaw-Newark,isaleadingabolitionistwriter,arguingthatanimalsneedonlyoneright,therightnottobeowned.animalsneedonlyoneright,therightnottobeowned.1414TomReganTomRegan（1938-1938-）AnimalwelfaremovementfornotgoingfarenoughtoprotectAnimalwelfaremovementfornotgoingfarenoughtoprotectanimalsinterests.anim
13、alsinterests.1515法官法官RichardPosnerRichardPosnerPosnerPosner( (20012001) )指出指出“基于道德直觉，人类偏基于道德直觉，人类偏爱他自己。如果一只狗威胁了一个婴儿，尽爱他自己。如果一只狗威胁了一个婴儿，尽管要制止这条狗伤害婴儿，狗将会受到比婴管要制止这条狗伤害婴儿，狗将会受到比婴儿可能遭受到的痛苦更多。我们将拯救婴儿，儿可能遭受到的痛苦更多。我们将拯救婴儿，因为狗将会受到比婴儿可能遭受到的痛苦更因为狗将会受到比婴儿可能遭受到的痛苦更多而放过那条狗将是荒谬的。多而放过那条狗将是荒谬的。”http:/ Medicine Edito
14、rial. Nature Medicine Editorial. 20082008）。哲学家哲学家RogerScrutonRogerScruton 反对动物权利，他认为反对动物权利，他认为 “ “权利意味着责任权利意味着责任”。 ThecurrentenvironmentalmovementThecurrentenvironmentalmovementdirectsitsenergiesatthebiggerpicturedirectsitsenergiesatthebiggerpicturebutfailstoseethatenvironmentalbutfailstoseethatenvi
15、ronmentalproblemsaregeneratedandresolvedbyproblemsaregeneratedandresolvedbyordinarypeople.ordinarypeople.ThesacredagainsttodaysfashionableThesacredagainsttodaysfashionableformsofatheism.Evolutioncannotexplainformsofatheism.Evolutioncannotexplainourconceptionofthesacred;neuroscienceourconceptionofthe
16、sacred;neuroscienceisirrelevanttoourinterpersonalisirrelevanttoourinterpersonalrelationshipsandscientificunderstandingrelationshipsandscientificunderstandinghasnothingtosayabouttheexperienceofhasnothingtosayabouttheexperienceofbeauty,whichprovidesaGods-eyebeauty,whichprovidesaGods-eyeperspectiveonreality.perspectiveonreality.1919DrawingonSDrawingonScrutyonscrutyonssownexperiencessownexperiencesofhuntingandofferingadelightfulofhuntingandofferingadelightfulportraitofthepeopleandanimalswhoportraito
