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1、Chapter 28 Unemployment and Its Natural Rate 28.1 IDENTIFYING UNEMPLOYMENTCategoriesofUnemploymentTheproblemofunemploymentisusuallydividedintotwocategories.Thelong-runproblemandtheshort-runproblem:ThenaturalrateofunemploymentThecyclicalrateofunemployment28.1IDENTIFYINGUNEMPLOYMENTNatural Rate of Une
2、mploymentThenaturalrateofunemployment is unemploymentthatdoesnotgo awayonitsowneveninthelongrun.Itistheamountofunemploymentthattheeconomynormallyexperiences.28.1IDENTIFYINGUNEMPLOYMENTCyclical UnemploymentCyclicalunemployment referstotheyear-to-yearfluctuationsinunemploymentarounditsnaturalrate.Itis
3、associatedwithwithshort-termupsanddownsofthebusinesscycle.28.1IDENTIFYINGUNEMPLOYMENTDescribingUnemploymentThree Basic Questions:Howdoesgovernmentmeasuretheeconomysrateofunemployment?Whatproblemsariseininterpretingtheunemploymentdata?Howlongaretheunemployedtypicallywithoutwork?28.1.1 How Is Unemploy
4、ment Measured?UnemploymentismeasuredbytheBureauofLaborStatistics(BLS).Itsurveys60,000randomlyselectedhouseholdseverymonth.ThesurveyiscalledtheCurrentPopulationSurvey.28.1.1HowIsUnemploymentMeasured?Basedontheanswerstothesurveyquestions,theBLSplaceseachadultintooneofthreecategories:EmployedUnemployed
5、Notinthelaborforce28.1.1HowIsUnemploymentMeasured?TheBLSconsidersaperson(anadultifheorsheisover16yearsold.)28.1.1HowIsUnemploymentMeasured?Apersonisconsideredemployed ifheorshehasspentmostofthepreviousweekworkingatapaidjob.28.1.1HowIsUnemploymentMeasured?Apersonisunemployedifheorsheisontemporarylayo
6、ff,islookingforajob,oriswaitingforthestartdateofanewjob.28.1.1HowIsUnemploymentMeasured?Apersonwhofitsneitherofthesecategories,suchasa full-time student, homemaker, or retiree, is not in the labor force. 28.1.1HowIsUnemploymentMeasured?LaborForceThelabor force isthetotalnumberofworkers,includingboth
7、theemployedandtheunemployed.TheBLSdefinesthelaborforceasthesumoftheemployedandtheunemployed.Figure1TheBreakdownofthePopulationin2001Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningAdultPopulation(211.9 million)Labor Force(141.8 million)Employed(135.1 million)Not in labor force(70.1 million)Unemployed (6.
8、7 million)28.1.1HowIsUnemploymentMeasured?Theunemployment rate iscalculatedasthepercentageofthelaborforcethatisunemployed.Thelabor-force participation rate isthepercentageoftheadultpopulationthatisinthelaborforce.28.1.1HowIsUnemploymentMeasured?Table1TheLabor-MarketExperiencesofVariousDemographicGro
9、upsFigure2UnemploymentRateSince1960108642019701975196019651980198519902005Percent ofLabor Force19952000Natural rate ofunemploymentUnemployment rateFigure3LaborForceParticipationRatesforMenandWomenSince19501008060402001950195519601965197019751980198519902000Labor-ForceParticipationRate (in percent)Wo
10、menMen199528.1.2 Does the Unemployment Rate Measure What We Want It To?Itisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenapersonwhoisunemployedandapersonwhoisnotinthelaborforce.Discouraged workers,peoplewhowouldliketoworkbuthavegivenuplookingforjobsafteranunsuccessfulsearch,dontshowupinunemploymentstatistics.Otherpe
11、oplemayclaimtobeunemployedinordertoreceivefinancialassistance,eventhoughtheyarentlookingforwork.28.1.3HowLongAretheUnemployedwithoutWork?Mostspellsofunemploymentareshort.Mostunemploymentobservedatanygiventimeislong-term.Mostoftheeconomysunemploymentproblemisattributabletorelativelyfewworkerswhoarejo
12、blessforlongperiodsoftime.28.1.4WhyAreThereAlwaysSomePeopleUnemployed?Inanideallabormarket,wageswouldadjusttobalancethesupplyanddemandforlabor,ensuringthatallworkerswouldbefullyemployed.28.1.4WhyAreThereAlwaysSomePeopleUnemployed?Frictional unemployment referstotheunemploymentthatresultsfromthetimet
13、hatittakestomatchworkerswithjobs.Inotherwords,ittakestimeforworkerstosearchforthejobsthatarebestsuittheirtastesandskills.28.1.4WhyAreThereAlwaysSomePeopleUnemployed?Structural unemployment istheunemploymentthatresultsbecausethenumberofjobsavailableinsomelabormarketsisinsufficienttoprovideajobforever
14、yonewhowantsone.28.2 JOB SEARCH28.2 JOB SEARCHJob search Onereasonwhyeconomiesalwaysexperiencesomeunemploymentisjobsearch.Jobsearchistheprocessbywhichworkersfindappropriatejobsgiventheirtastesandskills.resultsfromthefactthatittakestimeforqualifiedindividualstobematchedwithappropriatejobs.28.2JOBSEAR
15、CHThisunemploymentisdifferentfromtheothertypesofunemployment.Itisnotcausedbyawageratehigherthanequilibrium.Itiscausedbythetimespentsearchingforthe“right”job.28.2.1WhySomeFrictionalUnemploymentisInevitableFrictionalUnemploymentisinevitablesimplebecausetheeconomyisalwayschanging.Changesinthecompositio
16、nofdemandamongindustriesorregionsarecalledsectoralshifts.Ittakestimeforworkerstosearchforandfindjobsinnewsectors.28.2.2PublicPolicyandJobSearchGovernmentprogramscanaffectthetimeittakesunemployedworkerstofindnewjobs.Theseprogramsincludethefollowing:Government-runemploymentagenciesPublictrainingprogramsUnemploymentinsurance28.2.2PublicPolicyandJobSearchGovernment-run employment agencies 政府管理的就业机构giveoutinformationaboutjob vacanciesinordertomatchworkersandjobsmorequickly.Public training programs公共培
